1. Chapter 21 Nucleic Acids and Protein Synthesis
Lecture Presentation
Chapter 21 Nucleic Acids and Protein Synthesis
Karen C. Timberlake

2. Chapter 21 Nucleic Acids and Protein Synthesis
A histology technician studies the microscopic make-up of tissues, cells, and bodily fluids with the purpose of detecting and identifying the presence of a specific disease. They determine blood types and the concentrations of drugs and other substances in the blood.

3. Chapter Readiness Core Chemistry Skills Forming Amides (18.5)
Drawing the Zwitterion for an Amino Acid (19.1)
Identifying the Primary, Secondary, Tertiary, and Quaternary Structures of Proteins (19.4, 19.5)
Identifying Factors Affecting Enzyme Activity (20.3)

4. 21.1 Components of Nucleic Acids
The general structure of a nucleotide includes a
nitrogen-containing base.
sugar.
phosphate group.
Learning Goal Describe the bases and ribose sugars that make up the nucleic acids DNA and RNA.

5. Nucleic Acids There are two types of nucleic acids:
deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), which may contain several million nucleotides, and ribonucleic acid (RNA), which may contain several thousand nucleotides.
both are unbranched polymers of repeating monomer units known as nucleotides.
Each nucleotide has three components:
a base that contains nitrogen.
a five-carbon sugar.
a phosphate group.

6. Bases The bases in DNA and RNA are
derivatives of the heterocyclic amines pyrimidine or purine.
pyrimidines with a single ring containing two nitrogen atoms.
purines with two rings, each containing two nitrogen atoms.
H+ acceptors at the nitrogen atoms in each base.

7. Bases in DNA
In DNA,
the purine bases with double rings are adenine (A) and guanine (G).
the pyrimidine bases with single rings are cytosine (C) and thymine (T).

8. Bases in RNA
In RNA,
the purine bases with double rings are adenine (A) and guanine (G).
the pyrimidine bases with single rings are cytosine (C) and uracil (U).

9. Pentose Sugars The five-carbon sugar in RNA is ribose.
in DNA is deoxyribose, with no O atom on C2′.
has carbon atoms numbered with primes to distinguish them from the atoms in the bases.

10. Nucleosides A nucleoside
is composed of a nitrogen-containing base and a sugar, either ribose or deoxyribose.
has a base linked by a β-N-glycosidic bond to C1′ of a sugar (ribose or deoxyribose).

11. Nucleotides
A nucleotide has a phosphate group attached to the C5′ — OH group of a nucleoside.
The addition of a phosphate to a nucleoside forms a nucleotide.

12. Nucleotides of DNA and RNA

13. Summary of the Components in DNA and RNA

14. Naming Nucleosides and Nucleotides
The name of a nucleoside that contains a purine ends with osine.
The name of a nucleoside that contains a pyrimidine ends with idine.
The names of DNA nucleosides add deoxy to the beginning of their names.
The corresponding nucleotides in RNA and DNA are named by adding monophosphate to the end of the nucleoside name.

15. RNA, DNA Nucleosides and Nucleotides

16. AMP, ADP, and ATP
Adding a phosphate group to AMP forms the diphosphate, ADP.
Adding a phosphate group to ADP forms the triphosphate, ATP.

17. Study Check
Give the name and abbreviation for the following molecule, and list its base and sugar:

18. Solution
Give the name and abbreviation for the following molecule, and list its base and sugar:
Guanosine monophosphate (GMP)
Base: guanine Sugar: ribose