1. Macromolecules * *

2. What are other elements would you expect to be on this list?
The Atoms of Life
The most frequently found atoms in the body are…
Carbon
Hydrogen
Nitrogen
Oxygen
Phosphorous
Sulfur (sometimes)
What are other elements would you expect to be on this list? *

3. Roles of Molecules of Life
Each macromolecule has one or more roles in living systems
Structure
Transport
Information
Production
Energy *

4. Organic Compounds
Organic Compounds = made of
CARBON * *

5. Carbon Review (C) Carbon has 4 valence electrons
Carbon can form 4 covalent bonds
Usually bonds with C, H, O or N.
Example: CH4(methane)
C6H12O6 (glucose) *

6. Macromolecules Def: Large organic molecules Also called POLYMERS
Broken apart by Hydrolysis reactions
Made from Dehydration reactions
Made up of smaller “building blocks” called MONOMERS
4 Types in Living things:
1. Carbohydrates
2. Lipids
3. Proteins
4. Nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) *

7. Carbohydrates Carbohydrates = sugar molecule Made of C,H,O 3 Types:
A. monosaccharide (monomer)
B. disaccharide
C. polysaccharide *

8. Carbohydrates Monosaccharide: one sugar unit
Also called “simple sugars”
Examples: fructose
galactose
glucose (C6H12O6)
- human fuel supply
- what doesn’t get used = storage
glucose *

9. Carbohydrates Disaccharide: two sugar units
→ Made from dehydration reaction
Examples:
Sucrose (glucose + fructose)
Lactose (glucose + galactose)
Maltose (glucose + glucose)
glucose *

10. Carbohydrates Polysaccharide: many sugar units
Also Called “complex sugars”
Examples: starch (bread, potatoes) - plants
glycogen (beef muscle) - animals
cellulose (lettuce, corn)
glucose
cellulose *

11. Carbohydrates Functions of carbohydrates:
1. Energy source for plants & animals (glucose)
2. Short term energy storage
3. Structure (membranes, tissues, etc…)
4. Source of Carbon
Example: Cellulose
Used for structure of stems in plants and vegetables
Humans can’t digest/Ruminants can (sheep/cow)
Maintains digestive tract – FIBER (humans) *

12. Carbohydrate Review Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen Monosa-ccharide
Elements
its made of
Monomer
Function(s)
Example(s)
Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Monosa-ccharide
Provide Energy to cells (short-term)
Structure of membranes and tissues
Sugars (glucose)
Starches
Glycogen *

13. Lipids Hydrophobic = hates water Structure:
3-Carbon backbone (glycerol)
3-Fatty Acid chains (hydrocarbon) - MONOMER
Examples: 1. Triglycerides (polymer)
2. Phospholipids
3. Oils
4. Waxes
5. Steroid hormones
6. Fats *

14. Lipids = = fatty acids = glycerol Saturated vs. Unsaturated Fats
Saturated = max # of hydrogen used
Unsaturated = NOT max # of hydrogen (double bonds w/carbon) H
H-C----O
glycerol O
C-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3 = O
C-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3 =
fatty acids O
C-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH
=CH-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3 = *

15. Saturated vs. Unsaturated Fats continued…
Solid at room temperature
Butter, animal fats (lard)
Function: To make cholesterol
Makes steroids (FSH, LH, testosterone, estrogen, etc…)
Membrane structure
Build up of plaque (NOT GOOD!)
Unsaturated
Liquid at room temperature
Fruits, Veggies, fish, corn oil, olive oil, etc…
Function: to make membranes *

16. Lipids Functions of lipids: 1. Long term energy storage
2. Protection against heat loss (insulation)
3. Protection against water loss
4. Chemical messengers (hormones/steroids)
5. Major component of membranes (cholesterol) *

17. Lipids Review Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen Fatty Acid
Elements
its made of
Monomer
Function(s)
Example(s)
Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Fatty Acid
Energy Storage (long-term)
Structure of membranes (triglycerides & cholesterol)
Prevent Heat Loss
Signaling (hormones/steroids)
Fats
Oils
Waxes
Steroids
Hormones *

18. Proteins (Polypeptides)
Made of Amino acids (monomer)
20 different kinds
bonded together by peptide bonds (polypeptides)
Occurs from a dehydration reaction
Structure of Amino acid:
Carbon surrounded by
1-Hydrogen group
1-Carboxyll group (COOH)
1-Amino Group (NH2)
1-Side group (R-group)
20 different R-groups = 20 different amino acids *

19. Protein Shape = Functional
Proteins in a simple form (amino acid chain) do NOT function properly!
Proteins need to be shaped, twisted, coiled
Multiple polypeptides intertwined creates a functional protein
Denaturation = protein loses shape/unraveled
When denaturation occurs a protein loses its function
Example: Cooking an egg *

20. Proteins (Polypeptides)
6 functions of proteins:
1. Provide Structure (hair, fur, muscles, etc…)
2. Long term nutrient storage
3. Transports oxygen using hemoglobin
4. Providing immunity (antibodies)
5. Conveys messages using hormones
6. Allow for cell metabolism using enzymes
- enzymes speed up chemical reactions *

21. How Enzymes Work Enzymes
Serve as a catalyst (speed up chemical reactions)
Lower energy requirements (investments)
Have specific binding sites for certain molecules
Activation Sites

22. Enzyme Cycle

23. Protein Review Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen Nitrogen Sulfur (sometimes)
Elements
its made of
Monomer
Function(s)
Example(s)
Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Nitrogen
Sulfur (sometimes)
Amino
Acid
Structure (hair, fur, nails, muscle)
Body Defense (antibodies)
Transport Oxygen (hemoglobin)
Convey messages (insulin)
Speed up chemical reactions (enzymes)
Enzymes
Hormones
Hemoglobin
Antibodies *

24. Nucleic acids Two types (examples): a. Deoxyribonucleic acid
DNA-double helix
b. Ribonucleic acid
RNA-single strand *

25. Nucleic acids Made of Nucleotides (monomer) Structure of a nucleotide
phosphate group
pentose sugar (5-carbon)
nitrogen base:
adenine (A)
thymine (T) DNA only
uracil (U) RNA only
cytosine (C)
guanine (G) *

26. Nucleotide O O=P-O N CH2 O C1 C4 C3 C2 Phosphate Group
Nitrogenous base
(A, G, C, or T)
CH2 O C1 C4 C3 C2 5
Sugar
(deoxyribose) *

27. Nucleic acids Structure of a nucleotide continued
Nucleotides are linked together by covalent bonds between phosphate and sugar
“Sugar-Phosphate Backbone”
Results in several combinations of nucleotide chains *

28. DNA - double helix P O 1 2 3 4 5 P O 1 2 3 4 5 G C T A *

29. Nucleic acids 3 Major Functions:
1. Store & Pass on genetic information from one generation to the next
2. Create proteins
3. Control all cell functions *

30. Nucleic Acid Review Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen Nitrogen Nucleotide
Elements
its made of
Monomer
Function(s)
Example(s)
Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Nitrogen
Phosphorous
Nucleotide
Store & Pass Genetic Traits
Create Proteins
Control all Cell functions
DNA
RNA *