1. Do Now: Why is the Middle East an important region?
Persian Gulf War 1991
Aim: Why did Iraq’s invasion of Kuwait lead to the Persian Gulf War 1991 ?
Do Now: Why is the Middle East an important region?

2. OPEC
OPEC was formed in Baghdad in 1960 to coordinate & unify the policies of petroleum exporting nations
The main objective of OPEC is to ensure the “stabilization of oil prices in international markets” and securing a steady income to oil producing nations
The 11 OPEC member countries produce about 40% of the world’s crude oil, and therefore have a strong influence on the oil market (Algeria, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Libya, Nigeria, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, UAE, Venezuela)
End of 2001, OPEC reserves = nearly 80% of the world total of over 1 trillion barrels
OPEC is not just Middle Eastern oil producers, the politics & in particular the Persian Gulf have played & continue to play a dominant role in the OPEC policies
3 price spikes in world oil prices, all because of unrest in the Middle East
1. early 1970’s oil prices spiked-Arab oil producers embargoed deliveries to countries friendly to Israel
In 1979, prices soared again as Iranian oil workers went on strike in support of the Islamic Revolution, and high prices continued in the early 80’s during the Iran/Iraq War
In 1990 when Iraq invaded Kuwait, oil exports from Kuwait were severely diminished from the burning of their oil fields and the imposing of sanctions on oil exports from Iraq ( In this instance Saudi Arabia did pick up the slack substantially )

3. 3 price spikes in world oil prices, all because of unrest in the Middle East
1. early 1970’s oil prices spiked-Arab oil producers embargoed deliveries to countries friendly to Israel
2. In 1979, prices soared again as Iranian oil workers strike in support of the Islamic Revolution, and high prices continued in the early 80’s during the Iran/Iraq War
, Iraq invaded Kuwait, oil exports from Kuwait were severely diminished from the burning of their oil fields and the imposing of sanctions on oil exports from Iraq

4. Kuwait, A Peaceful Emirate
A small nation located at the northwestern end of the Persian Gulf
The ruling monarchy of the Al-Sabah family dates from the 1700s when first settled
Vast underground oil reserves found in 1930s
Kuwaitis have enjoyed a high standard of living including no income tax and benefits of free education, health care as well as social services

5. Video Clip In your notebook, create a chart:
2 columns = cause and effect chart
As you watch the video clip, take notes on the CAUSES of the Persia Gulf War 1991

6. Disputes: Territory, Oil, and Money
Iraq’s territorial claims: Kuwait, two islands, and a border over a rich oil field
Of the world’s oil reserves, Iraq claimed 10% versus Kuwait which possessed 11%
Saddam Hussein’s accusations: OPEC exceeded production quotas and lowered prices
Iraq’s war debt from the 8-year war with Iran created a debt greater than $250 billion dollars and $30 billion was owed to Kuwait which Saddam wanted forgiven
August 2, 1990: Iraqi invades Kuwait (2 days). Iraq = 4th largest army in the world at that time.
U.S. Objectives: Regional stability & access to vast oil resources
Problems with Iraq: Repeated human rights violations, threats against Israel (Saddam pledged to incinerate Israel), build-up of weapons and the invasion of Kuwait
Now Iraqi forces were poised on the Saudi border.
Territorial claim that Kuwait was taken when the Ottoman Empire was divided after WW I, altho it recognized Kuwait’s independence in 1963.
Oil reserves claim by Iraq to gain greater wealth and economic power.
Saddam Hussein accusations: Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries’ members had exceeded production quotas and lowered prices which cost Iraq billions of dollars.
Iraqi troops had been mobilized on July 19th and sent to the Kuwaiti border. A build-up of Iraqi forces had continued until his invasion of Kuwait.
Prior to the invasion, Kuwait had agreed to new pricing agreement and promised to adhere to new prices and quotas.
Saddam spent much of his country’s oil revenues to create the fourth-largest army in the world. More frightening than
The one million men and 5700 tanks was the fact that Iraq had poured money into developing nuclear, biological, and
chemical weapons.

7. Activity Read The Persian Gulf War
Answer questions # 2, #4, #6, #7, #8, #9, and # 10 in your notebook.

8. U.S. Objectives: Regional stability & access to vast oil resources
Saddam would control 65% of the world’s oil supply if he overtook Saudi Arabia.
U.S. Objectives: Regional stability & access to vast oil resources
Problems with Iraq: Repeated human rights violations, threats against Israel (Saddam pledged to incinerate Israel), build-up of weapons and the invasion of Kuwait.
U.S. Actions:
Forged powerful international coalition and followed international law
Froze Iraqi & Kuwaiti assets in the U.S.
Desert Shield operation began in August of 1990

9. Final Summary
How did the Persian Gulf War 1991 effect the Middle East?
How did the end of the war –lead to another war???

10. Check For Understanding
The Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) is best known for its efforts to (1) develop workable alternatives to fossil fuels (2) bring Western oil technology to the Middle East (3) stop the export of oil to non-Arab nations (4) establish production quotas to control the price of oil
In August 1990, Iraq invaded Kuwait. The United Nations response led to the Persian Gulf War of This response is an example of (1) détente (3) totalitarianism (2) empire building (4) collective security
Most of the world’s known oil reserves are located near which geographic area? (1) Persian Gulf (2) Ural Mountains (3) North Sea (4) Gulf of Mexico
In 2003, the United States and Great Britain invaded Iraq. At the time, which two reasons did these allies give for this invasion? Iraq was threatening war with Saudi Arabia. Iraq had not had free elections for a number of years. Iraq had oil needed by the United States and Great Britain. Iraq was threatening to cut off oil supplies to both countries. Iraq had weapons of mass destruction that threatened nations around the world. Iraq sponsored world terrorism. Iraq’s leader was responsible for the deaths of hundreds of thousands of Americans. Iraq’s army held Americans hostage for almost a year.

11. 5-5-17 Persian Gulf War 1991/ Terrorism/ Invasion of Iraq 2003
Aim: How did the results of the Persian Gulf War 1991 lead to terrorism and the invasion of Iraq 2003?
Do Now: Read The Persian Gulf War. Identify the results of the Persian Gulf War.

12. Persian Gulf War 1991 Why? 1.Iraq’s claims to the land
2. Claims Kuwait was overproducing oil
3. Iraq owed $ to other countries –war debt from Iraq-Iran War
4.Hussein thought no one would stop him

13. Persian Gulf War 1991 What happened?? US invades w/full UN backing
US bombs Iraqi military & civilian infrastructure
We make no attempt to hold Iraqi towns or capture Saddam Hussein
Destroyed Vehicles Along Kuwaiti Highway
Destroyed cars and trucks line Kuwait's "Highway of Death" during the Persian Gulf War. The name was given to the stretch of road leading north out of Kuwait City which, while clogged with retreating Iraqi forces, was furiously bombed by coalition forces, killing most on it.
Image: © Peter Turnley/CORBIS

14. Peace Terms 1. UN forces stay to protect Kurds
2. UN inspection teams make periodic visits to ensure that Iraq is destroying WMDs= weapons of mass destruction
3. SANCTIONS: Iraq cannot sell oil on world market-Iraqi people suffer as a result
4. Iraq accepts border with Kuwait

15. Significant Changes in Middle East
1. Arab nations of coalition more willing to discuss peace with Israel
2. Continued US military presence in the Persian Gulf Region = stored military equipment & joint military exercises.
3. Gulf states post-war economic problems, ie-Kuwait

16. GWB Focus on Iraq
Fall 2001, U.S.-led military campaign invaded Afghanistan, forced out Taliban
President George W. Bush then focused on Iraq
Saddam Hussein used chemical weapons against Iraq in 1980s; some claimed he still possessed such weapons, supported anti-American terrorist organizations

17. Iraq War 2003
U.S. asks for tighter inspections; asks for UN Security Council to vote war- NO
March 2003, U.S-led attack on Iraq topped Iraqi government: BUSH DOCTRINE
Weapons inspectors failed to find stockpiles of biological, chemical weapons, evidence proving Saddam had role in September 11 attacks
U.S., coalition forces occupied Iraq, began rebuilding
Iraqis elected new government, but nation faces ongoing violence; rebuilding stable Iraq = years

18. Saddam Hussein
1. Sunni who suppressed Shiite majority in Iraq and ruled as dictator
2. Remained in power after Persian Gulf War 1991
3. Brutal dictatorship – human rights violations: Shiite, Kurds, Palestinians
4. Captured 2005
5. Executed in December 2006

19. Saddam Hussein was charged with premeditated murder, imprisonment and the deprivation of physical movement, forced deportation, and torture.
Saddam Hussein is sentenced to death by hanging for the 1982 Dujail massacre. 
An appellate chamber of the Iraqi High Tribunal upholds Hussein's death sentence.