1. Control of microbial contamination in a feed plant
Taiex workshop, Sofia, Bulgaria September 15-16
Kjell Larsson

2. Feed from Lantmännen
Two cooperative companies Lantmännen and Kalmar Lantmän
9 feed plants on 8 locations
~ 1,4 mio ton compound feed
~ 65 % of the Swedish market
Taiex workshop Sofia, September Kjell Larsson

3. Possible problems caused by microbial contamination of feed
Human health problems
Sick animals
Reduced animal productivity
Deterioration of feed materials
Taiex workshop Sofia, September Kjell Larsson

4. Chemical versus microbial contamination
Chemical contamination is more predictable What comes in goes out
Microbial contamination can be generated at feed plant and farm level
How far does the responsibility of the feed supplier go?
Taiex workshop Sofia, September Kjell Larsson

5. General conditions for microbial growth
Access to nutrients
Suitable temperature
Access to water
Suitable pH
Taiex workshop Sofia, September Kjell Larsson

6. Feed and food born diseases and intoxications
Microbial contamination
Occupational health
Mycotoxin production
Temperature increase
Moulds
Fusarium
Aspergillus
Penicillium
Bacteria
Feed and food born diseases and intoxications
Salmonella
Bacillus
Clostridium
Taiex workshop Sofia, September Kjell Larsson

7. Salmonella Control strategies in operation designed to meet
Customer demands
National legislation
Voluntary feed safety standards
Taiex workshop Sofia, September Kjell Larsson

8. Relevant EU legislation
Reg. 178/2002 General Food Law
Art 15. Feed shall not be placed on the market or fed to any
food-producing animal if it is unsafe.
Dir 2003/99 on monitoring of zoonoses and zoonotic agents
Reg. 2160/2003 on control of salmonella and other
zoonotic agents
Reg. 183/2003 Hygiene regulation
Art 5.3 Feed business operators shall a) comply with specific microbiological criteria;
(b) take measures or adopt procedures necessary to meet specific targets.
Taiex workshop Sofia, September Kjell Larsson

9. Relevant EU legislation con’t
No harmonised legislation on salmonella in feed
EFSA opinion July 2008
Salmonella is the major microbiological hazard in feed
Oil seed meals are the major risk feed materials
Some Salmonella serotypes found in feed are also found in humans
Establishment of microbiological criteria along the feed chain is appropriate
Taiex workshop Sofia, September Kjell Larsson

10. EFSA report March 2010
Different reduction strategies proposed dependent on prevalence level in pig production.
Calculated reduction levels (%) from different measures due to prevalence level
Measure
High
Low
Salmonella free breeding
Salmonella free feeds
Control of external sources (mice and birds)
Taiex workshop Sofia, September Kjell Larsson

11. The Swedish Salmonella strategy
Control at slaughterhouse level
Control of animals at farm level
Extensive control in feed production
Zero tolerance at all levels
Zero prevalence in animal food produced in the country
Almost zero prevalence in compound feed
Taiex workshop Sofia, September Kjell Larsson

12. Not zero prevalence at farm level in SE !
Taiex workshop Sofia, September Kjell Larsson

13. How to provide Salmonella free feeds?
The basic strategy includes 1. preventing salmonella from getting into the production lines
2. preventing what gets in from growing/multiplying
3. sampling program at critical points in order to find salmonella 4. cleaning and disinfection when salmonella is detected
Production and deliveries are stopped if salmonella is found in finished feed or at defined sampling points
Taiex workshop Sofia, September Kjell Larsson

14. Preventing Salmonella from getting in
The Swedish model
Mandatory control program for risk feed materials - all meal from the vegetable oil industry
- fish meal
100 subsamples to 10 analytical samples from each shipment (max 2000 tons) on loading
PCR analysis during shipping
All results have to be negative before use
Treatment with acid on discharge if positive
Taiex workshop Sofia, September Kjell Larsson

15. Treatment with organic acids
Mixture of propionic and formic acid
Dose (1-2 %) dependent on material temperature
Increased sampling frequency
Analysis after >48 hrs
pH dependence of Salmonella 1
≈4,5
6,5
7,5 ≈9 14
No growth but survival
No growth but survival
Growth
Taiex workshop Sofia, September Kjell Larsson

16. Preventing Salmonella from getting in
The Lantmännen model
Defining zones with different hygienic status
Pellet/mash coolers in closed rooms with excess pressure of filtered air
Cooperation with and selection of feed material suppliers
Taiex workshop Sofia, September Kjell Larsson

17. Taiex workshop Sofia, 15-16 September 2010 Kjell Larsson

18. Preventing what gets in from growing
Mandatory heat treatment of poultry feed (SE, DK)
Voluntary heat treatment of all other feeds (Lantmännen)
Taiex workshop Sofia, September Kjell Larsson

19. Preventing what gets in from growing
Water activity - aw
0,94 1
No growth but survival
Growth
Temperature, C 6 35 45 65
-25
No growth but survival
Growth
Optimum
Growth
Gradually dying off
Taiex workshop Sofia, September Kjell Larsson

20. Sampling programs Risk based with 5–30 samples per week
samples/week or 5700 in 2009
Reduction to 78 samples/week or 4050 this year
Sampling at:
feed material inlet – filters
in coolers
filters on conveyors for finished feed
bins for finished feed
Extra sampling when salmonella is found
Taiex workshop Sofia, September Kjell Larsson

21. Taiex workshop Sofia, 15-16 September 2010 Kjell Larsson

22. Cleaning and disinfection
Careful cleaning necessary before chemical treatment
Clean equipment is free from visible feed residues
Handling of disinfecting chemicals is left to subcontractors
The effect of the measures is always confirmed by sampling
Taiex workshop Sofia, September Kjell Larsson

23. Applicability in other MS
The present status in SE is the result of voluntary work starting around 1960!
Mandatory chain approach partly financed by the government
Feed approach not realistic when handling large shipments of feed materials
Good experiences of the approach in production of meals and cakes
The basic principles are recognised by chain partners
Taiex workshop Sofia, September Kjell Larsson

24. The way forward?
Approach proposed by COCERAL, Copa-Cogeca, FEDIOL and FEFAC
Development of a common set of principles including the following elements:
Risk management
Prevention
Monitoring / Control of processes
Corrective actions
Verification
Sectorial guidelines for proper implementation
Taiex workshop Sofia, September Kjell Larsson

25. Thank you for your attention!
Taiex workshop Sofia, September Kjell Larsson