1. The Republic’s Growth
And crisis

2. Rome began as a small city state in central Italy
Rome began as a small city state in central Italy. It expanded its power and conquered a large area around the Mediterranean Sea, but its system of government didn’t last.

3. The Punic Wars Carthage
Dispute over control of Sicily and trade routes in the western Mediterranean brought Rome into conflict with the powerful North African city-state of Carthage
Carthage had been founded as Phoenician colony 500 years earlier
Result was the three Punic Wars BC

4. Hannibal’s Invasion Hannibal 218 BCE Scipio 204 BCE
Carthage’s most successful general
218 BCE
Marched from Spain over the Alps
40,000 Soldiers
40 war elephants
Defeated Roman armies but Roman would still not give up
Scipio 204 BCE
Roman General attacked Carthage in Africa
Defeated Hannibal

5. Hannibal-the-Conqueror
"I swear that so soon as age will permit I will use fire and steel to arrest the destiny of Rome." ~~Childhood Hannibal Quote
Born about Died 183BC

6. The End of Carthage
Although Carthage had been defeated Romans still feared it
146 BCE Roman troops burn and looted the city to ensure it would not grow to be a threat once again
Rome now controls most of the land west of the Mediterranean
Also controls land in Asia and Greece
Empire- country/state containing several territories
Provinces- areas within the country governed by magistrates

7. Rome drawn into the affairs of the successor kingdoms
Took over Greece, Macedonia, some of Asia Minor, Syria, Aegean and eastern Mediterranean islands by 133 BC
Rome eventually became weary of playing this endless refereeing role and realized that the continued independence of the successor kingdoms threaten Roman interests
Rome always responded in the belief that achieving a balance of power in the east was better than having one successor kingdom become too powerful and challenge Rome
Successor kingdom increasingly called on Roman aid in their incessant wars against each other
Rome drawn into the affairs of the successor kingdoms

11. Breaking the Rules Growing Pains
Magistrates often became corrupt
Became wealthy by stealing from people
Looting from enemies over sea
Wealth made the magistrates more powerful
Magistrates are willing to break the rules
Government slowing stopped working

12. The Urban Poor
Although Rome is getting Richer many Romans are getting poorer
Landowners and employers buy slaves to do work that used to be done by poor Romans!
Poor people move to city to look for work

13. The Urban Poor cont. Government feared Rome’s poor would incite a riot
Began giving out free grain
Politicians supported gangs from the two sides and encouraged fighting

14. The Power of the Army Gaius Marius Retirement for the army
Reformed army by having the government pay for equipment
Made the army more professional
Retirement for the army
Relied on commandor to make the government provide for retirement
Soldiers became more loyal to the army

15. From Republic to Empire

16. The Army Military commanders used their power for evil
Turned armies against their rivals
First civil war
Civil War = war between groups from the same country

17. Marius and Sulla
87 BCE
Confusion in Rome lead to Sulla and Marius both being elected to fight as general for Rome
So both men used their armies to fight one another
Sulla is victorious and rules as a dictator for over a year

18. Pompey and Caesar
After Sulla’s retirement new commanders rose up to take his place
Gnaeus Pompey
Conquered parts of southwest Asia
Julius Caesar
Conquered Gaul
Later the two commanders fought
Senate sided with Pompey
Troops were loyal to Caesar

19. Pompey and Caesar cont.
A civil war began between the two when Caesar marched his army across the Rubicon River into Italy.
Caesar is victorious
Declares himself dictator for life!
Caesar’s actions anger many senators
Killed March 15th, 44 BCE (Ides of March)

21. The End of the Republic
In Caesar’s will his teenage relative (Octavian) was made his heir
Octavian became leader of Caesar’s many followers
Defeats Caesar’s murders in yet another civil war
Takes the title “Augustus” meaning greatly honored one
Later Octavian defeats his rival, Brutus
The Republic is replaced with a monarchy
The Roman Empire