1. Roman Meals Banquet Project: Latin I
Edamus: Let’s Eat!
Roman Meals
Banquet Project: Latin I

2. Let’s Eat! Most Romans were poor. “Bread and Circuses”
Annona---welfare tokens
Alimenta---similar to our WIC program for kids
Daily food in the city for the lower classes would have had little variety: bread, vegetables, meat on occasion
Wealthy Romans enjoyed a wide range of food.

3. Your Meals
ientaculum: breakfast (usually bread dipped in oil or wine; wealthier people might add fruit, cheese, etc.)
prandium: lunch (a light meal, usually cold leftovers)
cena: dinner (largest meal of the day, might start as early as 3 PM)

4. Where Did Food Come From?
Markets: vegetables, fish, poultry, meat, fruits
Thermopolium: take-out shop
Pistrina: bakery
Only the wealthy had culinae (kitchens) in their homes

5. Pistrina

6. Thermopolium

7. Common Foods Bread Poultry/fish Vegetables
Meat: for the poor, on rare ocassions such as public sacrifices

8. What the Romans did NOT have…
Rice strawberries
Pasta raspberries
Tomatoes coffee
Potatoes tea
Sugar hard liquor
Corn butter
Oranges chocolate
bananas

9. Instead of butter, they used olive oil
Instead of pasta, they used thin pancakes
Romans had many varieties of wine from all over the Empire---wine was always mixed with water (to make different strengths)

10. Fishy Business! Garum, aka liquamen “Fish sauce” or “fish pickle”
Made from the heads, bones, and entrails of fish which decomposed in a strong brine

11. Don’t think it’s around today?!
Vinegar, Molasses, High Fructose Corn Syrup, Anchovies, Water, Onions, Salt, Garlic, Tamarind Concentrate, Cloves, Natural Flavorings, Chili Pepper Extract.

12. A Dinner Party
Triclinium--- “tri”=“three”, literally 3 couches, 3 people per couch (the ideal number for a dinner party)
Guests reclined to eat, resting on the left elbow
Slaves would remove guests’ sandals and wash their feet

15. Presentation!
Wealthy parties would feature exotic foods such as peacock and flamingo
Often cooks would present food disguised as something else (such as a pig that looked like a chicken, or cakes made to look like boiled eggs)

16. Utensils Spoons, plates, bowls, goblets No forks
Slaves carved meat into small pieces before it was sent to the table
Most eating was done with the fingers

19. Courses Appetizer: gustatio Main course: fercula
eggs, shellfish, salad, mulsum---honeyed wine
Main course: fercula
several courses, odd number, the chief dish would be served in the middle
Pause for libation to the gods
Dessert: secunda mensa (“second table”)
fruits, sometimes pastries
Sometimes slaves would replace the entire table top for dessert…that’s why it was called “second table”

20. A Cooking Rant ---Martial (1st c. AD)
My cook wants a mountain of peppercorns,
And then he’ll waste my best Falernian wine
To make his precious fish-pickle recipe…
And now that enormous boar he’s bought
Won’t even fit the stove: by the father of the gods,
I swear he’s trying to bankrupt me!
---Martial (1st c. AD)

21. Apicius: De Re Coquinara “Concerning Cookery”
Apicius lived during the 1st century AD
Was a well-known gourmet
His cookbook survives
Roman cooking relied heavily on sauces
Often combined sweet and spicy (hot) flavors

22. Some Sample Recipes
Patellam Lucretiam: Wash onions. Throw out the green parts and slice into a cooking vessel. Add a little fish stock, oil and water. While cooking, place raw saltfish in their midst. And when the fish are almost cooked, sprinkle a spoonful of honey and just a touch of vinegar and boiled wine. Taste. If the dish is bland, add a little fish-pickle. If it is too salty, add a little honey. Sprinkle with the leaves of the oxtongue plant and simmer.

23. Copadia Haedina sive Agnina Choice Cuts of Kid or Lamb
Cook them with pepper and stock. Serve with a sauce of sliced green beans, stock, pepper, laser, fried cumin, pieces of bread, and a little olive oil.

24. Dulcia Domestica Homemade Sweets
Take palms or dates, with the stones removed, and stuff them with nuts or nut kernels and ground pepper. Salt the dates on top and bottom and fry in cooked honey and serve.
***Pepper can mean pepper, cinnamon, or nutmeg. All were known to the Romans, who lumped them into the same category.

25. Aliter Dulcia “Other Sweets”
Strip of pieces of the best African must cake and immerse them in milk. When they have drunk [up all the milk they can, form them into small cakes]. Bake them in the oven, but not for long lest they become too dry. [After baking] remove [from the oven and] pour honey over the cakes while they are still hot. Puncture them so that they may drink [up the honey]. Sprinkle with pepper and serve.
Arise: even now boys are buying their morning pastries
And the roosters of the dawn are everywhere alive with calls.
---Martial

26. Just don’t become obsessed with food…
Calliodorus, yesterday you sold a slave for 1,200 sesterces to dine well once. But you didn’t eat well: the 4 pound mullet you bought was the spectacle, the chief dish of your dinner. I cried out to you: “This is not a fish, you b----, it’s not: It’s a man, Calliodorus, you’ve been eating a man!” ---Martial

27. Roman Dinner Party Project!
You must invite 8 guests (and yourself) for the nine diners. The guests can be anyone, real or fiction, living or dead.
Draw out your seating chart and show who will sit where, including the guest of honor.
Using web resources, plan your dinner with the gustatio, fercula, and secunda mensa. Make a menu with the Latin and English recipe names, and the actual recipes (ingredients) for each.
Plan your entertainment. The Romans enjoyed poetry, dancers, music, acrobats, and so forth.

28. What you’ll turn in: On unlined paper:
Your seating chart/guests’ names (point out who is the guest of honor)
Your decorated menu. Include the entertainment at the bottom.
gustatio (appetizers), fercula (main course), secunda mensa (dessert)
Work should be historically accurate, neatly done (preferably typed or printed), and show off all your research!