1. Building Environmental Systems
Objectives:
What are BES?
What do Architectural Engineers do with BES?
What BES courses will you have to take?
What additional options are there?
Why is knowledge of BES useful to an
architectural engineer?

2. What are BES? Mechanical Electrical Lighting Plumbing
Heating, ventilation, air conditioning (HVAC)
Electrical
Power generation
Distribution
Lighting
Plumbing
Specialty and communication
Acoustics and noise control
Transport

3. Where are BES?
3D model – Biomedical Engineering (BME) Building 3

4. 3D model – Biomedical Engineering (BME) Building4

5. Structural vs. Environmental Systems in Buildings5

6. Space for Environmental Systems
Mechanical rooms (floors)
Rooftop units for smaller buildings

7. Space for Environmental Systems
Ref: Tao and Janis (2001)

8. Cost of Environmental Systems
More expensive then
Ref: Tao and Janis (2001)

9. Total Energy Consumption by Source and Sector in U.S. (2007)
Total primary energy: x 1015 Btu
( 29,700,000 thousand MWh)
~ 21% residential
~ 18% commercial

10. Building Energy Use and Green House Emission
~36%
17.5%
18.6%
35.8%
28.1%

11. What Building System is Responsible for Most Energy Use in this Building?
Lighting
HVAC
Water Heating
Computers and other appliances
Refrigeration

12. Energy Consumption in Commercial Buildings Cooking Cooling Heating
Lighting
Office Equipment
Other
Refrigeration
Ventilation
Water Heating
HVAC is largest component of energy use
Lighting is second
Lighting might be smaller portion – including cooling to make up for heat of lighting
Energy isn’t only criteria,
Source: DOE

13. HVAC - 45% Source: DOE HVAC is largest component of energy use
Lighting is second
Lighting might be smaller portion – including cooling to make up for heat of lighting
Energy isn’t only criteria,
Source: DOE

14. Energy Consumption Monthly Profile for 100,000 sf ECJ Building, UT at Austin
~12%
~96 MWh

15. Same Building in Minneapolis, Minnesota
~150%
~845 MWh
NOTE: We would never build the same buildings in Austin and Minneapolis

16. Energy Bill for Residential Buildings

17. Analysis of Energy Consumption in Residential Buildings
We are considering a model building used in Austin Energy analyses
Model house:
- Location in Austin
2300sf
R13 walls
R30 attic
4 occupants
Surface absorptivity to Solar rad.: 0.7
Typical (average) internal loads
Infiltration/Ventilation 0.5 ACH
- Double glazed widows
Glazing are 20% south, 25 north,
5% east and west
- SHGC=0.54 (reflective – bronze - glass)

18. Where the Energy Goes? 30% cooling, 14% heating, 12% hot water,
44% light and appliances, and other internal electric devices
Energy for heating and cooling (44%):
contribution of internal heating loads: 2.3%
contribution of all solar radiation through winnow: ~19%
contribution of infiltration: 5.5%
contribution of conduction through roof, walls, floor ~17%
For different climate condition, or different house, or non-typical users these numbers will be different !
For other climate conditions, we would build this house differently

19. Target value for a new house in Austin New single family 2262 sf, 2-story home (Austin Energy Data)

20. HVAC systems

21. HVAC Largest share of energy use in buildings
Substantial impact on indoor air quality (IAQ)
What do Architectural Engineers do?
Size conditioning and distribution systems
Calculate heating and cooling loads
Select materials
Troubleshoot problems, building forensics
Integrate HVAC into buildings
Improve indoor air quality

22. Electrical Systems
Photovoltaic systems

23. Electrical Systems System design Emergency power
Alternative power sources
Specialty systems
What do Architectural Engineers do?
Size system
Design specialty systems
Integrate with other systems

24. Lighting in buildings Restaurant with $70 meal Light affect:
Productivity
Comfort/emotion
Safety
Sale ….
Restaurant with $7 meal

25. Lighting Significant energy use
Occupant comfort, productivity, safety, health(?)
Interaction with HVAC
What do Architectural Engineers do?
Design lighting levels
Select type of bulbs and fixtures
Integrate into building (daylighting)

26. Day lighting and artificial lighting
What is the difference between this two pictures?

27. Building systems affect the costs First cost vs. Operating cost
Size of equipment
Design parameters
Operating cost
Built-in equipment
Operational parameters
Energy analyses for optimum balance

28. What is Building Energy Analysis ?
Design iterations to optimize shape and energy use
Solutions:
passive shadings
positions and area of windows
insulation value
tightly sealed envelope
high-performance window
position of solar collectors
Architectural models
Energy-simulation models
Design
iterations

29. You will take at least 2 Courses:
1) 346N: Building Environmental Systems
prerequisites: thermodynamics, physics
2) ARE 346P: HVAC Design or
2) ARE 377K: Design of Energy Efficient and Healthy Buildings
What else can you take?
Renewable Energy and Environmental Sustainability
Energy Simulation for Building Design
Advanced Energy Efficient and Healthy Buildings
Building Energy Management Systems
Indoor Air Quality (three courses)
Outside of our department
Fire safety
Lighting, etc.

30. Why Should You Care about building environmental systems?
Many jobs in HVAC systems
, ,
Focus on building durability, energy use, indoor air quality.
Companies are hiring people that can work in teams.
You will have to evaluate BES claims.

31. Students Interested in Sustainable Design
LEED - Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design
1) LEED Certification require that building has analysis related to energy performance and indoor air quality
2) All government buildings require energy analysis

32. Your Questions

33. Project 2x4 vs 2x6 framing ~ Difference is only in exterior studs R13
R - Resistance
Conversion

34. Heat loses and gains through walls
Q = A ∙U ∙ ∆T U=1/Rwall assembly A - Area of the walls ∆T = Tinside – Toutside
Set point
Change from hour to hour

35. Wall assembly
Rwall assembly=  Reach_component_of_the_assembly

36. Example: