1. Treatment of Psychological Disorders

2. Types of Therapy There are 3 Main Types of Therapies:
1. Insight Therapies
Therapy achieved through verbal interaction
2. Behavioral Therapies
Learning principles applied to change maladaptive behaviors
3. Biomedical Therapies
Physiological intervention to reduce symptoms

3. Insight Therapies Psychoanalysis Recovery of unconscious conflicts
& motives
Free Association
patients are invited to relate whatever comes into their minds during the analytic session, and not to censor their thoughts
Dream Analysis
the process of explaining the meaning of the way the unconscious thoughts and emotions are processed in the mind during sleep
Interpretation
Patient talks – therapist listens & interprets

4. Rorschach Inkblot Test
subjects' perceptions of inkblots are recorded and then analyzed & interpreted
Sometimes used to examine a person's personality characteristics and emotional functioning

5. Insight Therapies Dangers of Psychoanalysis Dangers? Resistance
Occurs when patients patients block memories from conscious memory
Transference
unconscious redirection of feelings from one person to another person or object
Projection
ascribing internal feelings on to other things or people

7. Insight Therapies Person (Client) -Centered Therapy Cognitive Therapy
Carl Rogers
therapists create a comfortable, non-judgmental environment using a non-directive approach to aid patients in finding their own solutions to problems
Cognitive Therapy
Aaron Beck
help the patient overcome difficulties by identifying and changing dysfunctional thinking, behavior, and emotional responses
Group Therapy
Simultaneous treatment of several clients
6 – 10 individuals meet face to face with a trained therapist

9. Behavioral Therapies Based on 2 Assumptions Types:
1. Behavior is a product of learning
2. What has been learned can be unlearned
Types:
Systematic Desensitization (Counter-conditioning)
Aversion Therapy
Social Skills Training

10. Systematic Desensitization
Behavior therapy used to reduce phobic clients’ anxiety responses through counter-conditioning
Steps
1. Build an Anxiety Hierarchy
2. Training in Deep Muscle Relaxtaion
3. Client tries to work through the hierarchy, learning to remain relaxed while imagining each stimulus
4. if possible, confront the real stimulus

11. Aversion Therapy
Behavior therapy in which an aversive stimulus is paired with a stimulus that elicits an undesirable response
Example: Emetic Drug, Electric Shock, etc.

13. Social Skills Training
operant conditioning procedures for training social skills followed by modeling, coaching, and social cognitive techniques

14. Biomedical Therapies Psychopharmacotherapy
Treatment of psychological disorders with medication
Types of Medication:
Anti-Anxiety Drugs
Anti-Psychotic Drugs
Anti-Depressant Drugs
**Please remember that medication is usually a SHORT-TERM solution and does not treat the underlying cause of the disorder. Medication also comes with side effects & safety concerns. **

15. Anti-Anxiety Drugs
relieve anxiety by slowing down the central nervous system to relax & calm you
Can also be prescribed as sleeping pills and muscle relaxants
Once you stop taking the drug, Anxiety symptoms return full force

16. Anti-Anxiety Drugs Side Effects Benzodiazapines/Tranquilizers
Fast acting – take effect within 30 minutes
Can be taken as needed
Reduction in brain activity
Metabolize slowly - can build up over time causing oversedation
Side Effects
Drowsiness, lack of energy
Clumsiness, slow reflexes
Slurred speech
Confusion and disorientation
Depression
Dizziness, lightheadedness
Impaired thinking and judgment
Memory loss, forgetfulness
Nausea, stomach upset
Blurred or double vision
Common Names
Xanax (alprazolam)
Klonopin (clonazepam)
Valium (diazepam)
Ativan (lorazepam)

17. Anti-Anxiety Drugs Anti-Depressant Drugs Buspirone (BuSpar)
Preferred because dependency is less common
Take a lot longer to work – up to 4 – 6 weeks
Buspirone (BuSpar)
Newer anti-anxiety medication that doesn’t impair memory & is not as addictive
Slower acting – takes about 2 weeks
Increases serotonin & decreases dopamine in the brain
Beta Blockers
Traditionally used to tread high blood pressure & heart problems
Fight stress hormones like norepinephrine & controls physical symptoms of anxiety (heart rate, blood pressure, sweating, etc.)

18. Anti-Psychotic Drugs
used to treat psychotic symptoms found in Schizophrenia (hallucinations, delusion, paranoia, etc.)
Typical
Atypical
* Discovered in the 1950’s for Schizophrenia
treatment only
* Chlorpromazine (Thorazine)
* Haloperidol (Haldol)
* Perphenazine (generic only)
* Fluphenazine (generic only)
1990’s – 2nd Generation Anti Psychotics
* Risperidone (Risperdal)
* Olanzapine (Zyprexa)
* Quetiapine (Seroquel)
* Ziprasidone (Geodon)
* Aripiprazole (Abilify)
* Paliperidone (Invega)

19. Anti-Psychotic Drugs Side Effects
Most side effects go away after a few days and often can be managed successfully
Drowsiness
Dizziness when changing positions
Blurred vision
Rapid heartbeat
Sensitivity to the sun
Skin rashes
Menstrual problems for women
Tardive Dyskinesia (TD)
Can get this from prolonged usage
Uncontrollable muscle movement usually around the mouth
Atypical
Major weight gain
Metabolic changes
Risk of Diabetes & High Cholesterol
Typical
Rigidity
Persistent muscle spasms
Tremors
Restlessness -

20. Anti-Depressant Drugs
5 Major Types
SSRI’s
SNRI’s
Atypical Antidepressants
Tricyclic & Tetracyclic
MAOI’s
Very popular treatment option for moderate to severe depression
There are TONS available & often specific combinations are concocted by doctors based on individual cases

21. Anti-Depressant Drugs
Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRI’s)
most commonly prescribed antidepressants
SSRIs block the reabsorption (reuptake) of the neurotransmitter serotonin in the brain
seems to help brain cells send and receive chemical messages, which in turn boosts mood
called selective because they seem to primarily affect serotonin, not other neurotransmitters
Common FDA approved SSRI’s
Citalopram (Celexa)
Escitalopram (Lexapro)
Fluoxetine (Prozac, Prozac Weekly, Sarafem)
Paroxetine (Paxil, Paxil CR, Pexeva)
Sertraline (Zoloft)

22. Anti-Depressant Drugs
Serotonin Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors (SNRI’s)
block the absorption (reuptake) of the neurotransmitters serotonin and norepinephrine
called dual reuptake inhibitors
Venlafaxine (Effexor XR)
Desvenlafaxine (Pristiq)
Duloxetine (Cymbalta)
Atypical Antidepressants
Called “Atypical” because they don’t really fit into any other category
Mostly affect Dopamine, Serotonin & Norepinephrine
Bupropion (Wellbutrin, Wellbutrin SR, Wellbutrin XL
Trazodone (Oleptro
Mirtazapine (Remeron, Remeron SolTab)
Nefazodone

23. Anti-Depressant Drugs
Tricyclic & Tetracyclics
Older versions of antidepressants that have mostly been replaced
Still an effective option for some patients
Block reabsorption (reuptake) of Serotonin & Norepinephrine
Names:
Amitriptyline
Desipramine (Norpramin)
Nortriptyline (Pamelor)
Protriptyline (Vivactil)
Trimipramine (Surmontil)
Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors (MAOI’s)
1st type of antidepressant developed – now considered “last resort”
Require strict dietary restrictions
Can cause dangerous high blood pressure when combined with certain foods
The enzyme monoamine oxidase is involved in removing norepinephrine, serotonin, and dopamine from the brain. MAOIs prevent this.
Names:
Isocarboxazid (Marplan)
Phenelzine (Nardil)
Selegiline (Emsam, Eldepryl, Zelapar)
Tranylcypromine (Parnate)

26. Electroconvulsive Therapy
electric currents are passed through the brain, deliberately triggering a brief seizure
Used when other treatments are unsuccessful
Stigma?
based on past experimental treatments
Media attention
Electroconvulsive therapy is much safer today

28. New Trends in Therapy Eclecticism Positive Psychology
Therapy that draws upon multiple theories, styles, or ideas to gain complementary insights into a subject, or application different theories in particular cases
Individualized Psychology
Positive Psychology
Martin Seligman (1998)
the scientific study of positive experiences, positive individual traits, and the institutions that facilitate their development
concerned with well-being and optimal functioning, positive psychology
aims to broaden the focus of clinical psychology beyond suffering and its direct alleviation

29. New Trends in Therapy Light Therapy Reverse Psychology
The use of bright light to treat depression & circadian rhythm disorders
Reverse Psychology
a technique involving sharing a belief or behavior that is opposite to the one desired
Hopefully will encourage what actually is desired: the opposite of what is suggested
Mostly used on children & teens