1. Civil Air Patrol – California Wing Navigation and Position Determination Mission Scanner Course
Chapter 8
Version 1.3 (21 February 2014)

2. Objectives Define the following navigation terms:
Course, heading, and ground track
Nautical mile and knot
Latitude and Longitude
Given a map or sectional: identify an object given its latitude and longitude; and given a position determine its latitude and longitude.
Given a sectional chart, locate and discuss:
Physical features such as topographical details
Towns and cities
Highways and roads
Towers; determine height in both MSL and AGL
Airways and radio aids to navigation
Airports and airport data

3. Objectives
Given a sectional chart, discuss the information found in the Legend
Given a sectional chart, locate Maximum Elevation Figures and state their meaning
Given a sectional chart, a plotter, and two points on the chart:
Determine the cardinal heading
Determine the distance between the two points (nautical and statute miles)
Given data from navaids, track the current position of an aircraft and determine the position of a ground feature (sectional and map)
State the size of a full and a one-quarter standardized grid

4. Aircrew Task O-0204 Locate a Point on a Map Using Latitude And Longitude

5. Navigation Terms
Course – planned or actual path of the aircraft over the ground. Can be True or Magnetic
Heading – direction the aircraft is pointing
Ground track – actual path of the aircraft over the ground
Nautical mile (nm) – measurement of distance used in air navigation; longer than statute mile
Knots (kts) – nautical miles per hour
8.1
Objective 8.1 – Define the following navigation terms: course, heading and ground track; nautical mile and knot; latitude and longitude.
Nautical mile: 6076 feet
Statute mile: feet
difference: feet
To convert nautical miles to statute miles, multiply nautical miles by Same for knots to mph (going 100 knots = 115 mph)

6. Locating a Position Use a system of imaginary lines
Vertical lines run north and south (longitude)
Horizontal lines run east and west (latitude)
Where they cross defines a point on the earth
By convention, latitude is stated first
Points are defined as x degrees of latitude and y degrees of longitude.

7. Latitude Lines of latitude run east and west
Latitude starts with 0°at the equator
Latitude increases to 90°north at the North Pole and 90°south at the South Pole
Great Circle and Lesser Circles
North Latitudes
South Latitudes
Equator
The Equator is a Great Circle and all other lines of latitude are lesser circles.

8. Longitude Longitude has to start someplace
So 0° is in Greenwich England
East and West longitude increase as you move away from the Prime Meridian
West Longitude
East Longitude
The Prime Meridian is a Great Circle and all other lines of longitude are lesser circles.

9. Longitude
Greenwich (Prime) Meridian is zero degrees longitude on one side of the earth
East and west longitude increase until they meet at 180° on the other side of the earth
All line of longitude are great circles (same length)
Lines of Longitude
Prime Meridian or 0 degrees
8.2.3
Objective 8.2 – Given a map or sectional: identify an object given its latitude and longitude; given a position determine its latitude and longitude.

10. Aircrew Task O-0205 Locate a Point on a Map Using The Cap Grid System

11. CAP Standard Grid System
Overlays on standard aviation sectional maps
Subdivides the map into distinct working areas
Each grid is 1/4° (15 minutes) of latitude by 1/4° of longitude and is assigned a number
Grids are further divided into sub-grids labeled A, B, C, and D
Each sectional has a standard for assigning grid numbers — for areas of overlap the grid number of the most westerly chart is used
Only a couple of charts in the US have overlaps. Where charts overlap, the grids on all charts will be assigned the number and identifier of the primary chart (the most westerly chart will be designated as the primary chart). Overlapping chart grids will use the identifier of the primary chart (e.g. MKC for Kansas City) and the grid number.

12. CAP Grid System
Each 15' x 15' grid on a sectional is assigned a number
In this example, the grid depicted is STL 5 (STL = St Louis sectional)
Grids are subdivided into four 7.5' x 7.5' quadrants
Letters are used to define sub-grids
8.10.1
Objective 8.12 – State the size of a full and a one-quarter standardized grid.
The first full 15-minute quadrangle in the northwest corner of the chart is numbered “One” and numbered in sequence from west to east. Continue in this manner until reaching the southeast corner of the gridded area which serves as the last full 15 minute quadrangle.

13. CAP Grid: Putting it Together
Assignment: Grid 253D (SFO Sectional)

14. Standardized Grid System
Can be used on any chart that has lat/long markings
1° blocks identified by the intersection of whole numbers of lat/long, such as N and W
Points are designated with the latitude first (36/102) and they identify the area north and west of the intersection of these two lines
Grids can be subdivided into smaller sections (smallest is 7.5° x 7.5°, such as 36/102 AAA)
Letters are used to define sub-grids
8.10.1
Objective 8.12 – State the size of a full and a one-quarter standardized grid.
The first full 15-minute quadrangle in the northwest corner of the chart is numbered “One” and numbered in sequence from west to east. Continue in this manner until reaching the southeast corner of the gridded area which serves as the last full 15 minute quadrangle.

15. Marking Grid Charts
You can use a new sectional — normally not updated unless it gets worn out
Use a PENCIL FIRST!
Then, use a Black Marker or Hi-Lighter (not pink) to mark grid boundaries on the chart using a long ruler
Mark grid identification in black ink for visibility
You should always keep a current sectional with you even if you have a sectional which is marked with grids
OPTION: or Duracharts
You can make a master grid chart and then mark up your current navigation chart with selected grids as needed.
Red or pink marks on your charts will not be visible at night when the red light is the only light on. Use a green flashlight to see most colors.

16. Aircrew Task O-2024 Use Sectional Charts

17. Sectional Aeronautical Charts
1 to 500,000
Medium to slow speed aircraft
Information: Legend, Aeronautical, Topographical
Read the legend--it is the most important part of the chart. Show where to find when the chart becomes obsolete.
Know the scale 1:500,000, all features are shown 1/500,000 of their actual size (1 inch = 6.86 nm)
Point out contour intervals and how old the topographic data is.
Cultural or man-made features like cities.
Explain the significance of the expiration date of the chart - use current charts for navigation.
Expired gridded charts may be used only for reference or training purposes. Label them “For Training Purposes Only”

18. An often overlooked but vital part of the sectional is the 'Legend
An often overlooked but vital part of the sectional is the 'Legend.' This is a written explanation of symbols, projections, and other features used on the chart. Other important areas of the chart are its title page or "panel", and the margins around the chart edges. The margins contain supplemental radio frequency information, details about military or special use airspace, and other applicable regulations.
Back of the legend
Class B, Class C, TSRA and selected approach control frequencies (shown)
Special Use Airspace (shown)
MOA information (shown)
Control Tower frequencies (not shown)

19. Sectional Airports Airspace Navaids MEFs
Sectional Aeronautical Charts
Sectional Airports Airspace Navaids MEFs
8.6
Objective 8.6 – Given a sectional chart, locate and discuss the following: physical features such as topographical details; towns and cities; highways and roads; towers (determine height in MSL and AGL; airways and radio aids to navigation; airports and airport data.
Objective 8.8 – Given a sectional chart, locate Maximum Elevation Figures and state their meaning.

20. Sectional Aeronautical Charts
Sectional Restricted Areas Military Training Routes Military Operations Area (MOA)
Point out local airports, restricted area, and military training routes
Discuss flight planning for and operating in a MOA. Emphasize that military pilots aren’t listening to you and aren’t looking for you, and they’re moving fast.

21. Military Operations Area (MOA)
Discuss flight planning for and operating in a MOA. Emphasize that military pilots aren’t listening to you and aren’t looking for you, and they’re moving fast.

22. Aircrew Task O-2025 Track and Record Position on Sectionals and Maps

23. Position Determination
Sectional or Map
Work from larger to smaller
Work from a known location to present location
Watch the scale on maps
Remain suspicious if all points don’t seem to line up right
Use groups of 3 characteristics to verify position
8.8
Objective 8.9 – Given a sectional chart, a plotter, and two points on the chart: determine the heading; determine the distance between the points (nautical and statute miles).
Pilotage is using primarily VISUAL REFERENCES or landmarks along with some computations of time, speed, heading, and wind.
Dead Reckoning is navigation using ONLY time, heading, wind and airspeed. No visual references are used.

24. Tracking & Recording Position
Maintain positional awareness from takeoff to landing
Finger on the map method using visual landmarks
Ask the pilot or observer to determine position using GPS and/or VOR/DME
Once you locate the target, you must be able to pinpoint the location on the sectional and report that position to others. Since the details on the sectional chart are often not detailed enough to be useful to ground units, you have to transfer that information to a map (e.g., road or topographical).
Knowing the aircraft's position at all times is essential if an in-flight emergency should occur: if you don't know where you are, how can you find the nearest airfield?
Objective 8.11 – Given data from navaids, track the current position of an aircraft and determine the position of a ground feature (sectional and map).

25. QUESTIONS?