1. MidYear Review

2. Natural resource - any natural material that is used by humans
Renewable resource
Nonrenewable resource
Perpetual resource
Resource depletion
Tragedy of Commons

3. Pollution :
Biodegradable
Non-biodegradable
Developed Country
Developing Country
Positive and Negative Impacts of Affluence

4. I=P x A x T
Impact = Population x Affluence x Technology
Ecological Footprint
Sustainability

5. Cost-benefit analysis
Risk assessment

6. Scientific Theory
Scientific Law
Hypothesis
Scientific Method
Formulating an Experiment

7. Deductive Reasoning: Starts with general statement/hypothesis and examine possibilities to reach logical conclusion
Inductive Reasoning: (Opposite of Deductive Reasoning) Make broad generalizations from specific observations

9. Matter Elements Compounds Atomic Theory Subatomic particles
Mass number
Isotopes
Ions pH
Acids, bases

10. Inorganic Compounds
Organic Compounds
Cells
Genes
Chromosomes

11. Law of Conservation of Matter
Kinetic & Potential Energy
First Law of Thermodynamics
Energy input always equals energy output
Second Law of Thermodynamics
Energy always goes from a more useful to a less useful form when it changes from one form to

13. Negative Feedback Loop
Positive Feedback Loop
Time Delays
Tipping Point
Synergistic Interaction (Synergy)

14. Conversions:
1 Hectare = 10,000 m^2  1 km^2 = 1,000,000 m^2 
Earth’s Land area = 150,000,000 km^2  Earth’s Water Area = 361,800,000 km^2  Earth’s Total Area = 511,800,000 km^2
Metric Conversions: KHD (g/m/L) DCM

15. Three major concentric zones of the earth:
Core
Mantle
Crust
Lithosphere
Asthenosphere
Mesosphere
Outer Core
Inner Core

16. Plate Tectonics (Mantle Convection)
Convergent Boundary
Divergent Boundary
Transform Boundary

17. Internal Geologic Processes
Build up surface
External Geologic Processes
Weathering
Erosion

18. Volcanoes Earthquakes Richter scale Insignificant: <4.0
Minor: 4.0–4.9
Damaging: 5.0–5.9
Destructive: 6.0–6.9
Major: 7.0–7.9
Great: >8.0
Foreshocks and Aftershocks

20. Tsunami

21. Mass Wasting Slow movement Fast Movement Earth’s Crust Sedimentary
Metamorphic
Igneous
Rock Cycle

22. Mineral resource
Fossil fuels
Metallic minerals
Nonmetallic minerals
Ore
High-grade ore
Low-grade ore
Ore extracted by mining
Ore mineral
Gangue
Smelting

23. Surface mining
Shallow deposits removed
Open-pit mining
Strip mining
Contour mining
Mountaintop removal
Subsurface mining
Deep deposits remove

24. Eco industrial Park

25. Soil Properties (texture)
Soil Formation
Physical Weathering
Chemical Weathering
Biological Weathering
Soil Properties (texture)
Soil Structure (How particles are organizes/clumped together)
Clay
Silt
Sand

26. Friability
Porosity
Permeability
Variability

27. Soil Horizons (properties of each)
Soil horizons for different ecosystems

28. Water Cycle
Evaporation
Condensation
Precipitation

29. Ocean Water
Salinity
Temperature zones
Regulating global temperature

31. Surface Currents – wind
Thermohaline Circulation
Thermo = temperature
Haline = salt
Thermohaline circulation is density driven circulation

33. Freshwater
Lakes, rivers, streams
Most is found in icecaps and glaciers
River Systems
A network of streams that drains an area of land.
Tributaries

35. Access to water is
A global health issue
An economic issue
A women’s and children’s issue
A national and global security issue
Water haves and water have nots

36. Ground Water
Zone of Saturation
Water Table
Aquifer
Natural Recharge
Lateral Recharge

37. Watershed (drainage) basin Reliable runoff
Surface Water
Surface runoff
Watershed (drainage) basin
Reliable runoff
1/3 of total (2/3 of the surface runoff: lost by seasonal floods)
1/3 runoff usable
Domestic: 10%
Agriculture: 70%
Industrial use: 20%

38. Water Hotspots in 17 Western U.S. States

39. Long-term severe droughts increasing
Extended period of below-normal rainfall
Diminished groundwater

40. Groundwater Over pumping
Limits future food production
Bigger gap between the rich and the poor
Land subsidence
Sinkholes
Groundwater overdrafts near coastal regions

41. Provides irrigation water above and below dam
Flooded land destroys forests or cropland and displaces people
Large losses of water through evaporation
Provides water for drinking
Deprives downstream cropland and estuaries of nutrient-rich silt
Reservoir useful for recreation and fishing
Risk of failure and devastating downstream flooding
Can produce cheap electricity (hydropower)
Reduces down-stream flooding of cities and farms
Disrupts migration and spawning of some fish

43. Dams interrupt Hydrologic Cycle
Colorado River Case Study
Yangtze River Case Study
Desalination (Desalinization)
Distillation
Reverse osmosis, microfiltration
Water conservation
Improves irrigation efficiency
Improves collection efficiency
Uses less in homes and businesses

44. Water transferred by
Tunnels
Aqueducts
Underground pipes
May cause environmental problems
California Water Project

45. (efficiency 60% and 80% with surge valves)
Center pivot
(efficiency 80% with low-pressure sprinkler and 90–95% with LEPA sprinkler)
Water usually pumped from underground and sprayed from mobile boom with sprinklers.
Drip irrigation
(efficiency 90–95%)
Above- or below-ground pipes or tubes deliver water to individual plant roots.
Gravity flow
(efficiency 60% and 80% with surge valves)
Water usually comes from an aqueduct system or a nearby river.
Stepped Art
Fig , p. 335

47. Three BIG ideas
One of the world’s major environmental problems is the growing shortage of freshwater in many parts of the world.
We can increase water supplies in water-short areas in a number of ways, but the most important way is to reduce overall water use and waste by using water more sustainably.
We can use water more sustainably by cutting water waste, raising water prices, slowing population growth, and protecting aquifers, forests, and other ecosystems that store and release water.