1. Making Municipal Stormwater Management Work Confluence 2009 State College, May 8, 2009

2. Municipal Stormwater Management:
Get it Right Technically – Make Sure It Works! (Horner)
Fit It into Increasingly Complex Federal and State (MS4, 167, etc.) Requirements.
(Campbell)

3. Essential Elements for a Municipal Stormwater Program
Non-Structural BMPs
= Prevention
Structural BMPs
= Mitigation

5. Non-Structural BMP Categories with Specific BMP’s 1
Non-Structural BMP Categories with Specific BMP’s Identify and Protect Sensitive and Special Value Resources BMP 1.1 Protect sensitive/special value features BMP 1.2 Protect/conserve/enhance riparian areas BMP 1.3 Protect/utilize natural flow pathways Cluster and Concentrate Built Elements BMP 2.1 Cluster uses at each site; BMP 2.2 Concentrate uses areawide through Smart Growth practices Minimize Disturbance and Minimize Maintenance BMP 3.1 Minimize total disturbed area – grading BMP 3.2 Minimize soil compaction in disturbed areas BMP 3.3 Re-vegetate, re-forest disturbed areas with native species Reduce Impervious Cover BMP 4.1 Reduce street imperviousness BMP 4.2 Reduce parking imperviousness Disconnect/Distribute/Decentralize BMP 5.1 Rooftop disconnection BMP 5.2 Disconnection from storm sewers

7. 1. Protect Sensitive and Special Value. Resources. BMP 1. 1
Protect Sensitive and Special Value Resources BMP 1.1 Protect sensitive/special value features BMP 1.2 Protect/conserve/enhance utilize riparian areas BMP 1.3 Protect/utilize natural flow pathways

17. Non-Structural BMP Categories with Specific Non-Structural BMP’s 2
Non-Structural BMP Categories with Specific Non-Structural BMP’s Cluster and Concentrate BMP 2.1 Concentrate uses areawide through Smart Growth practices BMP 2.2 Cluster uses at each site; build on the smallest area possible

22. Non-Structural BMP Categories with Specific Non-Structural BMP’s 3
Non-Structural BMP Categories with Specific Non-Structural BMP’s Minimize Disturbance and Minimize Maintenance BMP 3.1 Minimize total disturbed area grading BMP 3.2 Minimize soil compaction in disturbed areas BMP 3.3 Re-vegetate and re-forest disturbed areas, using native species

28. Essential Elements for a Municipal Stormwater Program: - Minimize soil compaction

32. Non-Structural BMP Categories with Specific Non-Structural BMP’s 4
Non-Structural BMP Categories with Specific Non-Structural BMP’s Reduce Impervious Cover BMP 4.1 Reduce street imperviousness BMP 4.2 Reduce parking imperviousness

43. Non-Structural BMP Categories with Specific Non-Structural BMP’s: 5
Non-Structural BMP Categories with Specific Non-Structural BMP’s: Disconnect/Distribute/Decentralize BMP 5.1 Rooftop disconnection BMP 5.2 Disconnection from storm sewers Slow it down – don’t speed it up!

45. Essential Elements for a Municipal Stormwater Program: -Maximize preventive source controls (trash, debris, street sweeping, spills, fertilization, etc.)

47. One size no longer fits all…

48. Structural Best Management Practices  Runoff Volume: Infiltration-Oriented (Vegetative and Soil-Based) 1.      Rain/recharge gardens/bioretention 2.      Vegetated filter strips       Vegetated swales (bio-infiltration, dry, wet) 4.      Porous pavement with infiltration beds 5.      Infiltration basins       Subsurface infiltration basins       Infiltration trenches       Dry wells / seepage pits       Outlet control (level spreaders, etc.)   Infiltration berms and Planter boxes Runoff Volume/Non-Infiltration-Oriented Vegetated roofs Cisterns/rain barrels/capture reuse Runoff Quality/Non-Infiltration Constructed wetlands Wet ponds/retention basins Filters Water quality devices Detention/extended detention Special detention areas: Parking Lot, Rooftop, etc. Restoration BMPs Riparian corridor restoration Revegetation/reforestation Soils amendment

49. Structural BMP Selection Close to Source Issues
Engineering Design
Structural BMP Selection
Close to Source
Issues
E & S Issues
Site Factors: Soils, Permeability, SHWT, Slope…
Multiple Use
Runoff Quality
Needs
Runoff Quantity
Costs: Construction/Maintenance
Constructability / Fixability Issues
Aesthetic/Habitat
Related Issues
Land Use Issues: Ownership, Control, Management

50. Structural Best Management Practices  Runoff Volume: Infiltration-Oriented (Vegetative and Soil-Based) 1.      Rain/recharge gardens/bioretention 2.      Vegetated filter strips 3.      Vegetated swales (bio-infiltration, dry, wet) 4.      Porous pavement with infiltration beds 5.      Infiltration basins       Subsurface infiltration basins       Infiltration trenches       Dry wells / seepage pits       Outlet control (level spreaders, etc.) 10.  Infiltration berms and retentive grading Planter boxes

51. Pollutant Removal Effectiveness
Water quality benefits of porous pavement with infiltration from “National Pollutant Removal Performance Database for Stormwater Treatment Practices” Center for Watershed Protection, June 2000 \

52. Rain Gardens / Bioretention
Rainwater can support the landscape and soils, reducing pipes and basins.

53. Bioretention / Rain Gardens
Potential Applications
Residential - YES
Commercial - YES
Ultra Urban - LIMITED
Industrial - YES
Retrofit - YES
Highway/Road - YES
Stormwater Quantity Functions
Volume - HIGH
Groundwater Recharge - HIGH
Peak Rate - MEDIUM
Stormwater Quality Functions
TSS - HIGH
TP – MEDIUM
TN – MEDIUM
Temperature - HIGH
Cost - MEDIUM
Maintenance - MEDIUM
Winter Performance – MEDIUM
Related Benefits
Ecological Value
Aesthetic Value

56. Vegetated Filter Strip

57. Vegetated Swales (simple & inexpensive)
Livingston Co., MI
Empire, MI

58. Vegetated Swale Potential Applications Residential - YES
Commercial - YES
Ultra Urban - LIMITED
Industrial - YES
Retrofit - LIMITED
Highway/Road - YES
Stormwater Quantity Functions
Volume – LOW/MEDIUM
Groundwater Recharge – LOW/MEDIUM
Peak Rate – LOW/MEDIUM
Stormwater Quality Functions
TSS – MEDIUM/HIGH
TP – LOW/MEDIUM
TN – MEDIUM
Temperature – MEDIUM
Cost – LOW/MEDIUM
Maintenance – LOW/MEDIUM
Winter Performance – MEDIUM
Related Benefits
Ecological Value
Aesthetic Value

59. Heavily Vegetated Swales
Ford Rouge Plant

60. Vegetated Swale (enhanced)

61. Porous
Pavement
with
Infiltration
Beds

62. Porous Paving with Infiltration Beds

64. Precipitation is carried from roof by roof drains to storage beds.
Diagram showing roof leaders conveying runoff to parking.
Precipitation is carried from roof by roof drains to storage beds.
Stormwater runoff from impervious and lawn areas is carried to storage beds.
Precipitation that falls on porous paving enters storage beds directly
Stone beds with 40% void space store water. Continuously perforated pipes distribute stormwater from impervious surfaces evenly throughout the beds.
Stormwater exfiltrates from storage beds into soil, recharging groundwater.

65. Basin alternative

66. Roof leaders instead take runoff to beds beneath parking.

67. Perforated pipes in beds to convey runoff to beds.

68. Porous pavement in Hurricane Gloria
Porous pavement in Hurricane Gloria. Conventional pavement in foreground.

70. Costs of Porous Pavement
Generally costs the same or less for the site
Actual asphalt slightly more expensive
(special gradation and higher grade binder)
Reduces Piping Infrastructure and Basins
Penn State Berks Campus – 320 spaces 1999
- $3500 / space budgeted for standard pavement
- $2700 actual cost for porous
Better stormwater management also means reducing site disturbance.

71. Infiltration Basins Potential Applications Residential - Yes
Commercial - Yes
Ultra Urban – Limited*
Industrial - Yes
Retrofit – Limited*
Highway/Road – Limited*
*Difficult to apply due to space limitations typically associated with these land uses.
Stormwater Quantity Functions
Volume – HIGH
Groundwater Recharge - HIGH
Peak Rate - HIGH
Stormwater Quality Functions
TSS - HIGH
TP – MEDIUM/ HIGH
NO3 – MEDIUM
Temperature - HIGH
Cost
MEDIUM
Maintenance
Winter Performance
MEDIUM / HIGH
Related Benefits
Ecological Value – MEDIUM / HIGH *
Aesthetic Value – MEDIUM *
Dual Purpose – MEDIUM
*Dependent on surface vegetation types – the use of native landscaping will enhance benefit.

73. Infiltration Basins

74. Infiltration Basin – Commerce Plaza 1983

75. Subsurface infiltration Basins
Distributing Water in Sub-surface Basins

76. Infiltration trenches

78. Dry Well / Seepage Pit

79. Level Spreaders
Source of Images: Rocco, “Level Spreaders and Off-Site Discharges of Stormwater to Non-Surface Waters”

80. Infiltration Berms

81. Infiltration Berms

82. Planter Box Potential Applications Residential - YES Commercial - YES
Ultra Urban - YES
Industrial - LIMITED
Retrofit – YES
Highway/Road - NO
Stormwater Quantity Functions
Volume – LOW/ MEDIUM
Groundwater Recharge – LOW/ MEDIUM
Peak Rate – LOW
Stormwater Quality Functions
TSS – MEDIUM
TP - MEDIUM
TN – LOW/ MEDIUM
Temperature – LOW/ MEDIUM
Cost – MEDIUM
Maintenance – MEDIUM
Winter Performance – MEDIUM
Related Benefits
Aesthetic Value

83. Planter Box Variations

84. Structural Best Management Practices  Runoff Volume: Infiltration-Oriented (Vegetative and Soil-Based) 1.      Rain/recharge gardens/bioretention       Vegetated filter strips       Vegetated swales (bio-infiltration, dry, wet) 4.      Porous pavement with infiltration beds 5.      Infiltration basins       Subsurface infiltration basins       Infiltration trenches       Dry wells / seepage pits       Outlet control (level spreaders, etc.)   Infiltration berms and Planter boxes Runoff Volume/Non-Infiltration-Oriented Vegetated roofs Cisterns/rain barrels/capture reuse Runoff Quality/Non-Infiltration Constructed wetlands Wet ponds/retention basins Filters Water quality devices Detention/extended detention Special detention areas: Parking Lot, Rooftop, etc. Restoration BMPs Riparian corridor restoration Revegetation/reforestation Soils amendment

85. Vegetated Roof
Reduce the Volume of Stormwater Runoff (typically 50% or more annually)
Reduce the Rate of Stormwater Runoff
Increase the Lifespan of a Conventional Roof Surface by 2 to 3 times
Reduce heating and cooling costs
MUST VIEW THIS VIA A SLIDESHOW!!!!

86. Vegetated Roof Potential Applications Residential - LIMITED
Commercial - YES
Ultra Urban - YES
Industrial - YES
Retrofit - YES
Highway/Road - NO
Stormwater Quantity Functions
Volume – MEDIUM/HIGH
Groundwater Recharge – LOW*
Peak Rate – LOW/MEDIUM
* Although vegetated roofs can be used very successfully in combination with infiltration systems.
Stormwater Quality Functions
TSS - MEDIUM
TP - MEDIUM
TN - MEDIUM
Temperature - HIGH
Cost - HIGH
Maintenance - MEDIUM
Winter Performance – MEDIUM
Related Benefits
Ecological Value - MEDIUM
Aesthetic Value - HIGH
Dual Purpose – HIGH
Energy, Heat Island Effect - HIGH

87. Vegetated Roof

90. Stuttgart’s “Green Space”

91. Capture / Reuse
Structures designed to intercept and store runoff from rooftops. Stormwater is contained and reuses for irrigation or other water needs.
Variations
Rain Barrels
Cisterns, both underground and above ground
Tanks
Storage beneath a surface (using manufactured products)
Key Design Features
Small storm events are captured with most structures, unless the BMP system is designed for larger events.
Provide overflow for large storm events
Discharge water before next storm event
Consider site topography, placing structure up-gradient in order to eliminate pumping needs
Coordinate location so that landscaping and irrigation needs can be easily met

92. Capture / Reuse Volume Control Reduced potable water consumption
Cost savings

93. Capture / Reuse Stormwater Quality Functions TSS - 100% TP - 100%
NO %
Temperature - MEDIUM
Cost
Rain Barrel - LOW
Cistern - MEDIUM
Manufactured product - VARIES
Maintenance - MEDIUM
Winter Performance - MEDIUM
Related Benefits
Ecological Value - LOW
Aesthetic Value - LOW
Dual Purpose - HIGH
Potential Applications
Residential – YES
Commercial - YES
Ultra Urban – YES
Industrial – YES
Retrofit – YES
Highway/Road - NO
Stormwater Quantity Functions
Volume - MEDIUM
Groundwater Recharge - LOW
Peak Rate - LOW* *
Depends on site design

96. Structural Best Management Practices  Runoff Volume: Infiltration-Oriented (Vegetative and Soil-Based) 1.      Rain/recharge gardens/bioretention       Vegetated filter strips       Vegetated swales (bio-infiltration, dry, wet) 4.      Porous pavement with infiltration beds 5.      Infiltration basins       Subsurface infiltration basins       Infiltration trenches       Dry wells / seepage pits       Outlet control (level spreaders, etc.)   Infiltration berms and Planter boxes Runoff Volume/Non-Infiltration-Oriented Vegetated roofs Cisterns/rain barrels/capture reuse Runoff Quality/Non-Infiltration Constructed wetlands Wet ponds/retention basins Filters Water quality devices Detention/extended detention Special detention areas: Parking Lot, Rooftop, etc. Restoration BMPs Riparian corridor restoration Revegetation/reforestation Soils amendment

97. Constructed Wetlands

98. Wet Pond / Retention Basin

99. Wet Pond / Retention Basin

100. Vegetated Filters

101. Constructed Filters

102. Water Quality Devices

103. Extended Detention

104. Subsurface Extended Detention

105. Special Detention Areas

106. Structural Best Management Practices  Runoff Volume: Infiltration-Oriented (Vegetative and Soil-Based) 1.      Rain/recharge gardens/bioretention       Vegetated filter strips       Vegetated swales (bio-infiltration, dry, wet) 4.      Porous pavement with infiltration beds 5.      Infiltration basins       Subsurface infiltration basins       Infiltration trenches       Dry wells / seepage pits       Outlet control (level spreaders, etc.)   Infiltration berms and Planter boxes Runoff Volume/Non-Infiltration-Oriented Vegetated roofs Cisterns/rain barrels/capture reuse Runoff Quality/Non-Infiltration Constructed wetlands Wet ponds/retention basins Filters Water quality devices Detention/extended detention Special detention areas: Parking Lot, Rooftop, etc. Restoration BMPs Riparian corridor restoration Revegetation/reforestation Soils amendment

107. Riparian Buffer Restoration and Reforestation

108. Riparian Corridor Restoration
Stormwater Quality Functions
TSS – Medium/High
TP – Medium/High
NO3 – Medium/High
Temperature – Medium/High
Cost - Low – less than $4,000 per acre
Maintenance - Low – One time per year
Winter Performance - High
Related Benefits
Ecological Value – High
Aesthetic Value – High
Potential Applications
Residential – Yes
Commercial – Yes
Ultra Urban – Yes
Industrial – Yes
Retrofit – Yes
Highway/Road – Limited
Stormwater Quantity Functions
Volume – Medium/Low
Groundwater Recharge – Medium/Low
Peak Rate – Low
Water Quality – Medium/High

110. Native Revegetation/Reforestation
Seeding
1st year
Lawn to Sustainable Meadows
2nd year
3rd year
Images courtesy of Rolf Sauer and Partners

111. Native Revegetation/Reforestation

112. Native Revegetation/Reforestation

113. Source: Stormwater Magazine, March/April 2007

114. Native Re-vegetation/Reforestation
Potential Applications
Residential - YES
Commercial - YES
Ultra Urban – LIMITED
Industrial - YES
Retrofit - YES
Highway/Road - LIMITED
Stormwater Quantity Functions
Volume – LOW/MEDIUM
Groundwater Recharge – LOW/MEDIUM
Peak Rate – LOW/MEDIUM
Stormwater Quality Functions
TSS - HIGH
TP - HIGH
TN – MEDIUM/HIGH
Temperature - MEDIUM
Cost - LOW/MEDIUM
Maintenance - LOW
Winter Performance – MEDIUM
Related Benefits
Ecological Value - HIGH
Aesthetic Value - HIGH
Dual Purpose – LOW/MEDIUM

116. Soil Amendment
Soil amendment is a technique that can be used to restore and enhance soils by physical treatment and/or mixture with additives such as compost. Soil amendment is used to reestablish the soil’s long term capacity for infiltration and pollutant removal.
Key Design Features
Follow Non-Structural BMP 7, Minimize Soil Compaction in Disturbed Areas
Evaluate existing soil conditions before creating a soil restoration/amendment strategy
Compost amendments increase water retention capacity of soil, reduces erosion, improves soil structure, immobilizes and degrades pollutants, and supplies nutrients to plants, and provides organic matter.
Amendments are mixed into the soil, and are either organic or in-organic (man-made)

117. Soil Amendment

118. Top Ten Stormwater Management Principles: -Prevent first, -Mitigate second. -Manage as a resource – not a waste! -Maintain water cycle balance, pre- to post. -Integrate early into site design process. -Protect/utilize natural systems (soil, vegetation). -Manage as close to the source as possible. -Disconnect. Decentralize. Distribute. -Slow it down – don’t speed it up. -Achieve multiple objectives; do as much with as little as possible.

119. System Balance…. “…everything is connected to everything else….”

120. Making Municipal Stormwater Management Work Confluence 2009 State College, May 8, 2009