1. Higher Chemistry Chemistry of Alcohols and Esters
NEW LEARNING
Chemistry of Alcohols and Esters
Fragrances and Flavours
Fats and oils
Antioxidants
REVISION
Homologous series, Carbohydrates and Fuels

2. Starter Questions
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3. Starter Questions
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4. Starter Questions
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5. Lesson 1: Alcohol Production and Consumption.
Today we will learn to
Explain different methods of producing alcohol in the lab and industrially.
We will do this by
Reviewing fermentation and distillation and discussing the effect of alcohol on society.
We will have succeeded if
We can define fermentation, distillation and binge drinking.

6. Alcohols
Alcohols make up a group of organic compounds which contain the -OH group, called the hydroxyl group.
The presence of the hydroxyl group in these compounds is indicated by the '-ol' ending of the name of the alcohol.
As the alcohols are based on a family of hydrocarbons called alkanes, these alcohols can also be called alkanols. The alkanols are a homologous series with the general formula CnH2n+1OH

7. Alcohol Production Alcoholic Drinks
There are a wide range of drinks that contain alcohol including wine, spirits, beer and alcopops. They are all made using the fermentation of a carbohydrate, whether it be grapes for wine, barley for beer and whiskey or even rice and potatoes for sake and vodka.
Activity 2.1: Fermentation
Your teacher may demonstrate or allow you to make some alcohol using fermentation.

8. Alcohol Production
In order for fermentation to occur yeast is used which contains an enzyme, zymase. The process must be carried out in warm conditions but not above 50oC. Even in optimum conditions the percentage of alcohol is only 15%. In order to produce alcoholic drinks with an alcohol percentage greater than 15%, distillation is used.

9. Alcohol Production
Activity 2.2: Distillation
Your teacher may demonstrate or allow you to produce some pure alcohol using distillation.
Ethanol is removed from the liquid mixture as a distillate, because it boils at a lower temperature (about 78 degrees celsius) than water.

10. Alcohol Consumption
Make a list of as many pros and cons of drinking alcohol as you can

11. Describe a key word without using that word (it is taboo!).
Ethanol
Fermentation
Vodka
Grape

12. Lesson 2: Industrial Alcohol
Today we will learn to
Explain different methods of producing alcohol in the lab and industrially.
We will do this by
Reviewing addition reactions and investigating some properties of alcohols.
We will have succeeded if
We can define addition and hydration dehydration, and explain why alcohols are usually polar molecules.

13. Starter Task
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14. Starter Task
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15. Starter Task
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16. Industrial Alcohol Industrial Alcohol
To meet market demand, ethanol can be made by methods other than fermentation. One industrial method involves the addition of water to ethene using concentrated phosphoric acid as a catalyst. This kind of reaction is called catalytic hydration. Further processing of the ethanol removes any traces of water and creates a product that is much purer than alcohol produced by normal fermentation and distillation. Alcohol with this higher purity is often used by the pharmaceutical and cosmetics industry.
Activity 2.4: If you have Molymod kits your teacher may get you to recreate the reaction.

17. Industrial Alcohol Uses of alcohols
Due to the presence of the hydroxyl group (-OH) alcohols are polar molecules. The shorter the chain of carbon atoms the more polar the molecule. The polarity of the alcohols makes them good polar solvents and due to their ease of evaporation they find uses in many pharmaceutical and cosmetic preparations. As a hydrocarbon containing oxygen they burn cleanly and ethanol and methanol can both be used as fuels in cars.
Activity 2.5: Design and carry out an experiment that could demonstrate that the polarity of alcohols reduces as the carbon chain gets longer.
Activity 2.6: Your teacher may demonstrate the flammability of ethanol..

18. Industrial Alcohol Alcohols
The alcohol found in alcoholic drinks is called ethanol. There are many types of alcohol with different structures and uses, but all have the same feature or functional group called a hydroxyl group. A hydroxyl group consists of an oxygen and hydrogen (-OH) attached to the carbon chain. If the alcohol is a straight chain alkane with a hydroxyl group along the chain it is a member of the alkanol homologous series.
Activity 2.7: If you have Molymod kits your teacher may get you to make the first four members of the alkanol homologous series.

19. Industrial Alcohol

20. Recipe Time Write two recipes – one for producing ethanol at home and
one for producing industrial alcohol.

21. Starter Task
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22. Starter Task
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23. Starter Task
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24. Lesson 3: Naming Alcohols
Today we will learn to
Classify and name the different types of alcohol/alkanols
We will do this by
Building molymods of primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols and practicing naming and drawing structures.
We will have succeeded if
We can name or draw an alcohol we have never seen before.

25. Naming Alcohols Identify the longest chain of carbon atoms. (4 = but)
Number the carbon atoms starting at the end carbon nearest the functional group or branch if there is no functional group. (right hand side) which results in the lowest possible numbers in the formula.
Identify the type and position of any functional groups. (hydroxyl, carbon 2)
Identify the type and position of any branches. (2 x methyl, carbon 3 & 3)
Different groups are written in alphabetical order before the parent name e.g. 'ethyl' before 'methyl'.
If there are 2 identical groups the prefix 'di' is placed before the name of the branch e.g. 'dimethyl', 'diethyl' etc
Put together in the following format; position of, number of and type of branches, then the number of carbons in the longest chain and then the position of and type of functional group.
e.g. 3,3-dimethylbutan-2-ol

26. Naming Alcohol Practice
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27. Naming Alcohol Practice
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28. Naming Alcohol Practice
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29. Naming Alcohol Practice
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30. Naming Alcohol Practice
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31. Naming Alcohol Practice
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32. Naming Alcohol Practice
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33. Naming Alcohol Practice
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34. Naming Alcohol Practice
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35. My Word!
Choose a word related to the lesson. You must stand up and point to someone in the class who must then give the meaning. That person then chooses the next person to pose a word.

36. Starter Task
Complete Quick Test 1 and we will review as a class. You have 5 minutes!
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37. Starter Answers 2,3-dimethylbutan-2-ol and 2,3-dimethylpentan-3-ol 1.2.
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2,3-dimethylbutan-2-ol and 2,3-dimethylpentan-3-ol

38. Lesson 4: Carboxylic acids
Today we will learn to
Identify carboxylic acids from their functional group.
We will do this by
Building, naming and testing some carboxylic acids.
We will have succeeded if
We can identify the structures, properties and uses of carboxylic acids.

39. Carboxylic Acids

40. Carboxylic Acids
Carboxylic acids contain the carboxyl functional group, -COOH and can be recognised from their name by the '-oic' ending in the name.

41. Carboxylic Acids

42. Testing Carboxylic Acids
Activity 2.9: Testing carboxylic acids
Your teacher will give you a selection of carboxylic acids to test for smell, pH and reactivity.

43. Naming Carboxylic Acids
Naming Branched Carboxylic Acids
In the same way that branched alcohols can be named systematically, so can branched carboxylic acids. The same process is used except the ending will always be the name of the main chain alkanoic acid, with carbon number 1 being the carbon in the carboxyl functional group.
2,3-dimethylbutanoic acid

44. Naming Carboxylic Acids

45. Reactions of Carboxylic Acids
Write a note, including a chemical equation, to show the neutralisation and show where the water is produced from:

46. Uses of Alcohols & Carboxylic Acids
Alcoholic drinks (ethanol)
Solvents
Oxidation produces aldehydes, ketones and carboxylic acids
Carboxylic Acids
With alcohols make esters and polyesters
Ethanoic acid used in vinegar and to make polymers like PVA glue.
Stearic acid and oleic acid are used to make soap. 1

47. Helpful Tips
Write 5 top tips or golden rules about the topic for students taking the lesson next year.

48. Starter Questions
Name the salt, and draw its structure, in each of these reactions: 1. Methanoic acid and sodium hydroxide. 2. Propanoic acid and potassium hydroxide 3. Pentanoic acid and ammonia (i.e. Ammonium hydroxide)
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49. Lesson 5: Identifying Esters
Today we will learn to
Identify esters from their smell and structure.
We will do this by
Matching esters to their smells and uses, then examining how they are made.
We will have succeeded if
We can draw the structure of an ester from the acid and alcohol used to make it.

50. Esters
Fruit Flavours
You may be familiar with fruit flavoured drinks called “alcopops” here fruit flavours are added to a base alcohol such as vodka, rum or beer. They tend to be sweet and there is some concern that they appeal to underage drinkers and encourage binge drinking. The fruit flavouring may be natural or synthetic, but in both cases they contain a group of compounds called esters.
Activity 2.11: Identifying Esters
Your teacher will give you a selection of esters to smell. Use the labels on the bottle to find the name and formula of the ester, then try and think where you have smelt it before.

51. Identifying Esters Name of ester Chemical Formula Where have you smelt
it before?

52. Naming Esters

53. Naming Esters

54. Esters
Esters are a series of organic compounds formed by a condensation reaction between an alcohol and a carboxylic acid.
Condensation means that a water molecule is removed.
Here –H is removed from the alcohol and –OH from the carboxylic acid.
e.g.
Esterification is reversible.

55. All esters can be identified by the group (-COO). Naming Esters
The name of an ester comes from the alcohol and carboxylic acid used to make it.
The first part of the name comes from the alcohol and the second part from the carboxylic acid.
All end in ‘-oate’
Ethanol + Propanoic acid
Propanol + methanoic acid
Methanol + butanoic acid
Propanol + ethanoic acid

56. Name the esters produced from the following:
Methanol and propanoic acid
Butanoic acid and pentanol
Ethanoic acid and pentanol
Propanol and propanoic acid
Naming esters from structures

57. Back to Plenaries
Definition
Choose three new words you have learnt today or in the last few lessons and write dictionary definitions.

58. Starter Questions
Name the salt, and draw its structure, in each of these reactions: 1. Methanoic acid and sodium hydroxide. 2. Propanoic acid and potassium hydroxide 3. Pentanoic acid and ammonia (i.e. Ammonium hydroxide)
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59. Lesson 6: Making Esters Today we will learn to
Make an ester from a carboxylic acid and alcohol
We will do this by
Using the method given to combine different acids and alcohols provided, and identifying uses for our products.
We will have succeeded if
We produce something oily and smelly!

60. Making Esters

61. Making Esters
Answering the following questions in sentences will complete your note on making esters.
Why was a water bath used instead of a Bunsen burner?
What was the purpose of the wet paper towel?
Write a balanced chemical equation for your reaction.

62. Uses of Esters Flavourings Perfumes Solvents Medicines
Pentyl ethanoate: pear
Octyl ethanoate: orange
Cherry lips, fruit pastilles!
Perfumes
Solvents
Ethyl ethanoate (small so volatile) Methyl Salicylate
Medicines
Methyl salicylate: ‘oil of wintergreen’ – deep heat!
Poly-ester (PMMA) in contact lens
Copy the table from page 15 and pick 3 of the above esters to fill in your table. 1

63. Pyramid Question you have about the lesson
Things you have been reminded of today
Things you have learned today

64. Starter Task
Complete Quick Test 2 and we will review as a class. You have 5 minutes!
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65. Starter Answers D A 3a. butan-2-ol & ethanoic acid
3b.pentyl propanoate
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66. Lesson 7: Hydrolysing Esters
Today we will learn to
Reverse the reaction used to form an ester.
We will do this by
Using a dilute acid or alkali to heat the ester and produce an alcohol and acid.
We will have succeeded if
We lose the smell and produce a ‘testable’ acid.

67. Hydrolysing Esters

68. Breaking Esters

69. Breaking Esters

70. Breaking Esters - Equation
Distilling removed the ethanol produced.
2. Adding the hydrochloric acid provides H+ ions to make the benzoate into benzoic acid crystals.

71. Objective Traffic Lights
How do you feel about the lesson objectives?
Red = don’t think I have grasped this
Amber = feeling OK about this, have just about got there
Green = Confident I have achieved this
If there are no coloured cards available (e.g. in planners), Mark corners in the room for each colour and ask pupils to move to indicate confidence.