1. FDES: Chapter 3.2 Environmental resources and their use
Understand you are more expert than I in some topics. I’m a generalist. I know less and less about more and more. Feel free to ask questions of clarification. Save the technical discussions for discussions and coffee breaks.
FDES: Framework for the Development of Environment Statistics

2. Outline
Environmental resources and their use Level 1 (30min) 1. Overview & links to SEEA 2. Sub-components 2.1 Minerals 2.2 Energy 2.3 Land 2.4 Soil 3. Group exercise (30min) Level 2 (20min) 1. Sub-components 2.5 Biological 2.5 Water 2. Group discussion (10min)
See link to YouTube video…
FDES Chapter 3 - Component 2

3. Learning objectives Level 1 & 2
Understand the concepts of environmental resources & their use
Learn about the main data sources
Understand the links with the SEEA framework
Learn the basics of compiling environmental resource indicators
All of these sessions are simply an introduction to the manual. They are not a substitute. Consider the manual as your Textbook!
FDES Chapter 3 - Component 2

4. FDES Components Component 2: Environmental resources and their use
2.1 Mineral resources
2.2 Energy resources
2.3 Land
2.4 Soil
2.5 Biological resources
2.6 Water resources
Examples of Core Set Statistics
Examples?
FDES Chapter 3 - Component 2

5. What are environmental resources?
Stocks
Changes
2 Environmental resources
2.1 Mineral resources
Extract
2.2 Energy resources
Extract, Capture, Harvest
2.3 Land
Modify
2.4 Soil resources
2.5 Biological resources
Harvest
2.6 Water resources
Abstract Modify
Non-renewable and renewable natural inputs to the economy
Sustainable? Consumption and Production
FDES Chapter 3 - Component 2

6. Links to SEEA & SDGs FDES SEEA Stocks Environmental resources Assets
Sub-component
FDES
SEEA
Stocks
Environmental resources
Assets
Changes in stocks (Flows)
Extraction, harvesting, modification, abstraction
Supply/use:
Materials, Energy, Water
Environmental resources:
Natural inputs to production and consumption
Need statistics on availability and quality for sustainable management
[Could add another linking FDES to SDGs)
FDES Chapter 3 - Component 2

7. What are environmental resources?
2.1 Mineral resources
2.1.1: Stocks and changes of mineral resources
2.1.2: Production and trade of minerals
2.2 Energy resources
2.2.1: Stocks and changes of energy resources
2.2.2: Production, trade and consumption of energy
2.3 Land
2.3.1: Land use
2.3.2: Use of forest land
2.4 Soil resources
2.4.1: Soil Resources
2.5 Biological resources
2.5.1: Timber resources
2.5.2: Aquatic resources
2.5.3: Crops
2.5.4: Livestock
2.5.5: Other non-cultivated biological resources
2.6 Water resources
2.6.1: Water resources
2.6.2: Abstraction, use and returns of water
Sub-component
Topic
FDES Chapter 3 - Component 2

8. Mineral resources 2.1.1 Stocks and changes of mineral resources
2.1.2: Production and trade of minerals
2.1.1 Stocks and changes of mineral resources
Why important? Major contribution to many national economies.
Known deposits of non-metallic and metallic mineral resources
Commercially-recoverable
Potential commercially-recoverable
Non-commercial, Other
Non-renewable  depletion
Extraction  environmental impacts
Data sources: geological surveys, economic statistics on extraction
Challenges:
Different classifications; price changes  change in value; agreement on “commercially-recoverable”
Mineral resources used for energy  FDES 2.2
SEEA  Minerals and Energy Asset Accounts
FDES Chapter 3 - Component 2

9. The indicators:
FDES Chapter 3 - Component 2

10. Mineral resources 2.1.2 Production and trade of minerals
2.1.1: Stocks and changes of mineral resources
2.1 Mineral resources
2.1.2: Production and trade of minerals
2.1.2 Production and trade of minerals
Why important? Extraction, production, import, export statistics provide information on pressures on stocks and importance to national economy
Data types:
Mass, volume, value by commodity type
Data sources:
Industrial commodity statistics (inputs to economy)
Mining and quarrying sector (production levels and costs)
Trade statistics (imports and exports)
Challenges
Different classifications & names of materials
Incomplete data on cost of extraction & production
SEEA  Material Flow Accounts
FDES Chapter 3 - Component 2

11. The indicators:
FDES Chapter 3 - Component 2

12. Energy resources 2.2.1 Stocks and changes of energy resources
2.2.2: Production, trade and consumption of energy
2.2.1 Stocks and changes of energy resources
Why important? Non-renewable energy resources  extraction limits future availability
Data types: Stocks of known deposits of mineral energy resources
Fossil fuels, peat, uranium ores
Data sources
Geological surveys and inventories, mining and energy authorities
Extraction statistics from mining and industry consumption
Challenges
Getting complete and comparable data from many sources (e.g., coal, petroleum…)
Quantities vs energy content
Agreement on (and change in) “commercially-recoverable”
SEEA  Minerals and Energy Asset Accounts
FDES Chapter 3 - Component 2

13. The indicators:
FDES Chapter 3 - Component 2

14. Energy resources 2.2.2 Production, trade and consumption of energy
2.2.1: Stocks and changes of energy resources
2.2 Energy resources
2.2.2: Production, trade and consumption of energy
2.2.2 Production, trade and consumption of energy
Why important? Track energy security & efficiency
Includes renewable energy! (hydro, nuclear, wind, solar, biomass…)
“Production” = capture, extraction or manufacture of energy products
Production  transformation  distribution  consumption
Different efficiency rates (losses) and environmental impacts
Statistics on: production, total energy supply and final consumption
Data sources
Energy statistics, foreign trade, energy balances
Challenges
Getting complete and comparable data from many sources (e.g., coal, petroleum…)
Quantities vs energy content
SEEA  Physical Supply and Use Accounts for Energy
FDES Chapter 3 - Component 2

15. The indicators:
FDES Chapter 3 - Component 2

16. Land
2.3.1: Land use
2.3 Land
2.3.2: Use of forest land
2.3 Land
Land = space for economic activities and environmental processes
2.3.1 Land use
Social and economic function of land
Includes use of inland waters, coastal & marine zones
How used and who uses it? activities and institutional arrangements
Includes “used” and “not in use by human activities”: ecological importance
Data sources
Land registers, field surveys, sectoral statistics (agriculture, forestry, protected areas…)
Challenges
Combining data from several sources
Land cover  FDES 3.1 Environmental Conditions and Quality
SEEA  Asset Accounts for Land
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17. The indicators:
FDES Chapter 3 - Component 2

18. Land
2.3.1: Land use
2.3 Land
2.3.2: Use of forest land
2.3.2 Use of forest land
Why important? Production (timber & non-timber), soil formation, water regulation, habitat, cultural services, carbon sequestration…
Changes in area from:
Afforestation: Establishment of new forest area through deliberate planting & seeding
Deforestation: Conversion to another land use or permanent reduction of canopy
Reforestation: Re-establishment of forest area through deliberate planting & seeding
Natural processes: Includes natural regression and expansion
Reclassifications: New information about where forest exists
Data sources
Forest sector; environment departments (protected areas); satellite images
Challenges
Determining “cover” versus “designated use”
SEEA  Asset Accounts for Land, Forest, Timber; Ecosystem Accounts
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19. The indicators:
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20. Soil resources 2.4.1 Soil resources
Area & volume of soil lost from erosion, degradation, land use change
Can account for:
Suitability for agriculture and forestry: soil type, nutrient content, carbon content
Stocks of soil resources (additions & reductions) of area and volume by type
Data sources
Agriculture, forest sector
Challenges
Determining “cover” versus “designated use”
Soil characteristics  FDES 1.1.4
Soil pollution  FDES 1.3.4
SEEA  Asset Accounts for Soil; Ecosystem Accounts
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21. The indicators: Suggest SEEA Accounts for soil resources:
Area and volume by type of soil
Type and condition of soil by land use type
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22. Questions/comments? Next: Group exercise 20 minutes to prepare
10 minutes to report answers
FDES Chapter 3 - Component 2

23. Group exercise Situation Objective (Groups of 3-5 persons)
Have 5 years of historical data on timber volume, harvest, fire and storm damage
Need to model regrowth, opening and closing stock
Need to estimate “sustainable” harvest
Objective (Groups of 3-5 persons)
Calculate regrowth, closing stock, opening stock for each year
Calculate “sustainable” harvest for Year 6 and onwards
Report & discuss answers (10min)
Need to change references to inventory!
FDES Chapter 3 - Component 2

24. Group exercise
Step 1: Calculate regrowth, opening stock and closing stock for years 2 to 5
Opening Stock for Year 2 is Closing Stock for Year 1…
Regrowth is 5% of current year Opening Stock
Need to change references to inventory!
FDES Chapter 3 - Component 2

25. Group exercise Step 2: Calculate Average Harvest (Year 1 to Year 5)
(B) Average Fire and Storm Damage (Year 1 to Year 5)
(A) Expected “Year 6” Additions (5% of Year 5 Closing Stock)
Recommended “sustainable” harvest ((A) – (B))
Need to change references to inventory!
FDES Chapter 3 - Component 2

26. Group exercise Is everyone clear on the objectives?
20 minutes group work
Please ask questions
Results:
Report Recommended “sustainable” harvest
What could you add to the account to improve the estimate?
Need to change references to inventory!
FDES Chapter 3 - Component 2

27. The answers The Answers
A harvest rate of 28.0 m3/year would maintain the closing stock (912.9 m3)
Could include: replanting, different species, age/size growth rates…
Need to change references to inventory!
FDES Chapter 3 - Component 2

28. Welcome to Level 2! Sub-components 2.5 Biological resources
2.6 Water resources
FDES Chapter 3 - Component 2

29. Biological resources 2.5 Biological resources
2.5.1: Timber resources
2.5.2: Aquatic resources
2.5 Biological resources
2.5.3: Crops
2.5.4: Livestock
2.5.5: Other non-cultivated biological resources
2.5 Biological resources
Why important: Biological resources for food, materials, energy
Renewable, capable of regeneration through natural (managed or non-managed) processes
“Commodities” (timber, fish, crops, livestock)
Ecosystems and biodiversity  FDES 1.2.2
FDES Chapter 3 - Component 2

30. Biological resources 2.5.1 Timber resources
2.5.2: Aquatic resources
2.5 Biological resources
2.5.3: Crops
2.5.4: Livestock
2.5.5: Other non-cultivated biological resources
2.5.1 Timber resources
Why important? Natural inputs to construction, paper products, fuel…
Natural or cultivated
Changes in stocks due to harvesting, degradation, disease, fires, land use change
Data types:
Volumes of timber (growth, fellings, natural losses, production…)
Values of imports and exports
Data sources
National Accounts (purchases and sales by industry, households, imports, exports)
Forest inventory (production, cost of production, growth)
Challenges
Estimating total stock (species, age, accessibility)
Use of forested land  FDES 2.3.1
SEEA  Asset Accounts for Timber
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31. The indicators:
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32. Biological resources 2.5.2 Aquatic resources
2.5.1: Timber resources
2.5.2: Aquatic resources
2.5 Biological resources
2.5.3: Crops
2.5.4: Livestock
2.5.5: Other non-cultivated biological resources
2.5.2 Aquatic resources
Why important: Food production, but also negative impacts
Fish, crustaceans, molluscs, shellfish, aquatic mammals and other aquatic organisms
Cultivated (e.g., aquaculture) or natural
Changes in stocks due to harvesting, growth, diseases, catastrophic losses
Aquaculture
Farming of fish, molluscs, crustaceans, aquatic plants
Environmental impacts from feed, colorants, fungicides, antibiotics, hormones…
Data sources
Production and use from National Accounts
Sectoral data (fisheries, agriculture)
Challenges
Estimating natural stocks, reported/actual harvesting
SEEA  Asset Accounts for Aquatic Resources
FAO  International Standard Statistical Classification for Aquatic Animals and Plants (ISSCAAP)
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33. The indicators:
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34. Biological resources 2.5.3 Crops
2.5.1: Timber resources
2.5.2: Aquatic resources
2.5 Biological resources
2.5.3: Crops
2.5.4: Livestock
2.5.5: Other non-cultivated biological resources
2.5.3 Crops
Why important? Food, other economic uses (textiles, biofuel, livestock fodder)
Statistics on
Area use for production by crop type
Farming practices (pesticides, soil retention, monoculture, genetically-modified, irrigation)
Imports/exports  total use, consumption and environmental impacts
Data sources
Production and use from National Accounts, agriculture statistics, imports/exports
Sectoral data (agriculture); special surveys on farming practices
Challenges
Sub-national data; converting pesticide expenditures to quantities & impacts
SEEA  Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry (SEEA-AFF)
FDES Chapter 3 - Component 2

35. The indicators:
FDES Chapter 3 - Component 2

36. Biological resources 2.5.4 Livestock
2.5.1: Timber resources
2.5.2: Aquatic resources
2.5 Biological resources
2.5.3: Crops
2.5.4: Livestock
2.5.5: Other non-cultivated biological resources
2.5.4 Livestock
Why important? Food, animal products or labour
Typical: cows, horses, goats, sheep, pigs, poultry…
Statistics on
Number and characteristics of live animals
Antibiotics and hormones used
Imports/exports  total use, consumption and environmental impacts
Data sources
Production and use from National Accounts, agriculture statistics, imports/exports
Sectoral data (agriculture); special surveys on farming practices
Challenges
Sub-national data; estimating environmental impacts (e.g., manure treated/reused)
SEEA  Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry (SEEA-AFF)
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37. The indicators:
FDES Chapter 3 - Component 2

38. Biological resources 2.5.5 Other non-cultivated biological resources
2.5.1: Timber resources
2.5.2: Aquatic resources
2.5 Biological resources
2.5.3: Crops
2.5.4: Livestock
2.5.5: Other non-cultivated biological resources
2.5.5 Other non-cultivated biological resources
Why important: For food and other economic uses
Wild berries, fungi, bacteria, wild fruits, non-timber forest products, wild animals…
Statistics on
Use and management, economic importance (as “ecosystem service”)
Data sources
Production and use from National Accounts, agriculture statistics, imports/exports
Sectoral data (agriculture, wildlife, hunting); special surveys on household activities
Challenges
Integrating data from many sources; Classification; Data on subsistence uses
SEEA  Asset accounts for other biological resources; Ecosystem Accounting
FDES Chapter 3 - Component 2

39. The indicators:
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40. Water resources 2.6 Water resources
2.6.2: Abstraction, use and returns of water
2.6 Water resources
Stock, abstraction and use:
Estimate amounts of available/renewable water resources
Monitor abstraction from important water bodies
Ensure equitable use
Track volumes and quality of water returned to the environment
SEEA  Asset Accounts for Water (stock); Physical Supply and Use Tables for Water
FDES Chapter 3 - Component 2

41. Water resources 2.6.1 Water resources Data types: Data sources:
2.6.2: Abstraction, use and returns of water
2.6.1 Water resources
Fresh and brackish (salty) water in inland water bodies (surface, groundwater, soil water)
Inland water stocks:
Surface water: Flows over or stored on surface (lakes, rivers, wetlands) regardless of salinity
Groundwater: Collects in porous layers (aquifers)
Data types:
Volumes of renewable supply (rainwater, snowfall)
Volumes lost to evapotranspiration
Volumes of inflows and outflows from the Rest of the World
Data sources:
Hydrological, meteorological monitoring, topographic maps/models
Challenges
Estimating water stock in lakes & groundwater; locating “wetlands”;
SEEA  Asset Accounts for Water (stock); Ecosystem Accounts (Extent, Water)
FDES Chapter 3 - Component 2

42. The indicators:
FDES Chapter 3 - Component 2

43. Water resources 2.6.2 Abstraction, use and returns of water Use
Flows of water from environment to human sub-system and back
Abstraction
Amount of water removed from any source over a period
From surface and groundwater by economic activities and households
For own use or distribution to other users (e.g., municipal water supply)
Use
Used in the economic for production and consumption
Can be recycled & reused
Most returned to the environment (treated/untreated)
Data sources:
Expenditures on water (industry, water supply, households); Surveys on water use; administrative data (e.g., water supply, water treatment)
Challenges
Integrating & converting data from many sources
Wastewater  FDES 3.2 (Residuals: Generation and management of wastewater)
SEEA  Physical Supply and Use Tables for Water; Ecosystem Accounts (Extent, Water)
FDES Chapter 3 - Component 2

44. The indicators:
FDES Chapter 3 - Component 2

45. Group discussion
What are some other challenges in producing environmental resource statistics in your country?
What can you do about it?
FDES Chapter 3 - Component 2

46. References FDES: http://unstats.un.org/unsd/environment/fdes.htm
SEEA-CF:
SEEA-Energy:
SEEA-Water:
SEEA-Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries:
SEEA-EEA (Experimental Ecosystem Accounting):
FDES Chapter 3 - Component 2

47. Acknowledgements Materials prepared by: Materials adapted from:
Michael Bordt
Regional Adviser on Environment Statistics
ESCAP Statistics Division
Materials adapted from:
UNSD (Environment Statistics) FDES presentations:
Tanzania: t.html
Togo: hop.html (aussi en Français)
FDES Chapter 3 - Component 2