1. chemistry
Branches of Chemistry

2. Learning Target:   I can describe what is studied in chemistry & 5 branches of chemistry I can describe the big ideas in chemistry I can describe 3 reasons to study chemistry

3. What are Branches of Chemistry?
Organic chemistry – study matter that contains the element carbon
Inorganic chemistry – study matter that does not contain the element carbon (non-carbon)
Biochemistry – bio = life, chemical processes in living things
Physical chemistry– mechanism of chemical reactions, rates, energy changes during chemical reaction
Analytical chemistry– analyze examine parts – composition – pollutants ppm, ppb

4. Chemistry is the study of ….
What matter is made of
how matter and energy change during chemical reactions
Examples of chemical reactions
lighting a match
digesting food to release energy
Corroded metal
Raw egg to cooked egg

5. What are Big Ideas or Common Themes in Chemistry?
Central science – chemistry overlaps with all other sciences
Electrons and the structure of atoms- the arrangement of electrons on atoms determines how they react with one another
Bonding and Interactions-
most elements exist in compounds
the chemical bonds influence their properties
Reactions – chemical reactions involve processes in which reactants form products

6. What are Big Ideas or Common Themes in Chemistry?
Kinetic theory
particles of matter are in constant motion which determines their state, solid, liquid, gas
Mole and Quantifying Matter- mole the unit used by chemists for specifying an amount of matter
Matter and energy- the energy changes that occur during chemical reactions
Carbon Chemistry- there are over 10 million carbon- containing compounds!

7. Which big ideas of chemistry are involved in roasting a marshmallow?
Central science
Electrons and the structure of atoms
Bonding and Interactions
Reactions
Kinetic theory
Mole and Quantifying Matter
Matter and energy
Carbon Chemistry
Big Ideas of chemistry

8. What are three general reasons to study chemistry? ANSWER
Why Study Chemistry?
Why Study Chemistry?
What are three general reasons to study chemistry?
ANSWER
Chemistry can be useful in explaining the natural world, preparing people for career opportunities, and producing informed citizens.
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9. Explaining the Natural World
Why Study Chemistry?
Explaining the Natural World
Chemistry can help you satisfy your natural desire to understand how things work. For example, chemistry can explain:
why cut apples turn brown upon exposure to air.
why the texture of eggs changes from runny to firm as eggs are boiled.
why water expands as it freezes.
why sugar dissolves faster in hot water than in cold water.
why yeast makes bread dough rise.
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10. Why Study Chemistry?
Preparing for a Career
Chemists contribute to society in many ways. You do not need to have the word chemist in your job title to benefit from understanding chemistry.
A reporter may be asked to interview a chemist to gather background for a story.
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11. Why Study Chemistry?
Preparing for a Career
Chemists contribute to society in many ways. You do not need to have the word chemist in your job title to benefit from understanding chemistry.
Turf managers have the important task of keeping the grass on golf courses, lawns, and soccer fields healthy.
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12. Why Study Chemistry?
Preparing for a Career
Chemists contribute to society in many ways. You do not need to have the word chemist in your job title to benefit from understanding
chemistry.
A firefighter must know which chemicals to use to fight different types of fires.
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13. Being an Informed Citizen
Why Study Chemistry?
Being an Informed Citizen
Industry, private foundations, and the federal and state government all provide funds for scientific research.
Space exploration research could not take place without federal funding.
NASA research has led to the development of many items used on Earth. These include smoke detectors, scratch-resistant plastic lenses, heart monitors, and flat-screen televisions.
What if all the money spent on space exploration was used to find a cure for cancer?
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14. Being an Informed Citizen
Why Study Chemistry?
Being an Informed Citizen
You will need to make choices that will influence the direction of scientific research.
You may vote directly on some issues through ballot initiatives or indirectly through the officials you elect.
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15. Being an Informed Citizen
Why Study Chemistry?
Being an Informed Citizen
When it comes to scientific research, there is no one correct answer.
However, knowledge of chemistry and other sciences can help you evaluate the data presented, arrive at an informed opinion, and take appropriate action.
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16. A. Chef (raise right hand) B. Doctor (raise left hand)
Which of the following careers would require some understanding of chemistry?
A. Chef (raise right hand)
B. Doctor (raise left hand)
C. Farmer (stand up)
D. all of the above (just sit there)
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17. Which of the following careers would require some understanding of chemistry?
A. chef
B. doctor
C. farmer
D. all of the above
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18. Chemistry, Technology, and Society
What are some outcomes of modern research in chemistry?
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19. Chemistry, Technology, and Society
Technology is the means by which a society provides its members with those things needed and desired.
Many basic items you use every day, such as the sneakers you wear or the cereal you eat, are products of technology.
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20. What is studied in the 5 branches of chemistry Describe 3 reasons to study chemistry. END
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21. How do you think Alexander Fleming tested his hypothesis?
CHEMISTRY & YOU
How do you think Alexander Fleming tested his hypothesis?
In 1928, Alexander Fleming, a Scottish scientist, noticed that the bacteria he was studying did not grow in the presence of a yellow-green mold.
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22. The Scientific Method
The scientific method is a logical, systematic approach to the solution of a scientific problem.
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23. The Scientific Method
Steps in the scientific method include making observations, proposing and testing hypotheses, and developing theories.
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24. Quantitative – involve numbers OR Qualitative – not involving numbers
The Scientific Method
Making Observations
Observations can be:
Quantitative – involve numbers OR
Qualitative – not involving numbers
Suppose you try to turn on a flashlight and you notice that it does not light. Is this a qualitative or quantitative observation?
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25. The Scientific Method
Testing Hypotheses
If you guess that the batteries in a flashlight are dead, you are making a hypothesis.
A hypothesis is a proposed explanation for an observation.
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26. The Scientific Method
Testing Hypotheses
Replacing the batteries is an experiment, a procedure that is used to test a hypothesis.
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27. The Scientific Method
Testing Hypotheses
Replacing the batteries is an experiment, a procedure that is used to test a hypothesis.
The variable that you change during an experiment is the independent variable, also called the manipulated variable.
The variable that is observed during the experiment is the dependent variable, also called the responding variable.
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28. The Scientific Method
Testing Hypotheses
For the results of an experiment to be accepted, the experiment must produce the same result no matter how many times it is repeated, or by whom.
This is why scientists are expected to publish a description of their procedures along with their results.
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29. The Scientific Method
Testing Hypotheses
Sometimes the experiment a scientist must perform to test a hypothesis is difficult or impossible.
For example, atoms and molecules, which are some of the smallest units of matter, cannot be easily seen.
A model is a representation of an object or event.
Chemists may use models to study chemical reactions and processes.
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30. The Scientific Method
Developing Theories
Once a hypothesis meets the test of repeated experimentation, it may be raised to a higher level of ideas. It may become a theory.
A theory is a well-tested explanation for a broad set of observations.
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31. A scientific theory explains why things occur.
The Scientific Method
Scientific Laws
A scientific law is a concise statement that summarizes the results of many observations and experiments.
A scientific law states what happens, it doesn’t try to explain the relationship it describes.
A scientific theory explains why things occur.
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32. The Scientific Method
Scientific Laws
The figure below shows how scientific experiments can lead to laws as well as theories.
Experiments
An experiment can lead to observations that support or disprove a hypothesis.
Theory
A theory is tested by more experiments
and modified if necessary.
Hypothesis
A hypothesis may be
revised based on
experimental data.
Observations
Scientific Law
A scientific law summarizes the results of many observations and experiments.
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33. Parts of the scientific method
observation – which generates a question. Flashlight doesn’t turn on Question – what is wrong with the flashlight? Infer-(prediction) that batteries, lightbulb not working Hypothesis – (written as an “If … “then” ….. statement) “If the batteries are replaced with new ones, then the flashlight will work.” Experiment – test of the hypothesis – replace the batteries in the flashlight and see if it works. Independent variable (manipulated variable) – different batteries Dependent variable (responding variable) - light working or not

34. What is a hypothesis? A. information obtained from an experiment
B. a proposed explanation for observations
C. a concise statement that summarizes the results of many experiments
D. a thoroughly tested model
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35. What is a hypothesis? A. information obtained from an experiment
B. a proposed explanation for observations
C. a concise statement that summarizes the results of many experiments
D. a thoroughly tested model
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36. What theory am I???

37. Fossil of glossopteris fern found on Antarctica

38. Fossil of lystrosaurus found on South America & Africa- yet it could not swim!

39. Continents seem to fit together

40. Proposed by Alfred Wegner
What Theory Am I?
Continental Drift
Proposed by Alfred Wegner

41. What theory am I???
Mid-Atlantic Ridge

42. Seafloor spreading evidence
What theory am I???
Seafloor spreading evidence

43. What theory am I ???
Evidence from Age of rocks along Mid-Atlantic Ridge: youngest rocks are closest to it

44. Put all the clues together fossil evidence Fit of continents Mid-Atlantic Ridge Seafloor spreading Age of rocks along Mid-Atlantic Ridge Magnetic reversals
What Theory Am I?

45. Theory of Plate Tectonics

46. Section 1.4 - Steps to Problem Solving

47. Analyze – break problem into parts
PROBLEM SOLVING
Analyze – break problem into parts
Where are you starting? - write down known information
Where are you going? – write down unknown information, include the units
Draw pictures of diagrams to help
Calculate – crunch the numbers
Evaluate – look at the answer.
Does it make sense?
Should it larger/smaller than starting?
Does it have correct units?

48. 25. There is an ice cream shop six blocks north of your hotel
25. There is an ice cream shop six blocks north of your hotel. It takes roughly 16 minutes to walk ten blocks. How many minutes will it take to walk there and back? Use the information from the sample problem. (page 24 in textbook)
Analyze
known information –
6 blocks, there & back = 12 blocks
16 minutes = 10 blocks
Unknown information – time in minutes
Calculate
Evaluate

49. END
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51. mixtures
Heterogeneous (hetero = other or different) Italian salad dressing Homogeneous Uniform mixtures Example - Solutions which are clear

52. Separating mixtures
Distillation – used for homogeneous mixtures Liquid is boiled to produce a vapor which is cooled into a liquid

53. Separating mixtures
Filtration Separates solid insoluble components out of heterogeneous mixtures Water filtration

54. Elements
Found on periodic table- 92 in nature Simplest form of matter that has a unique set of properties Can’t be broken down – no longer have elements What information about elements is provided on your periodic table?

55. compounds
Made from elements that are chemically combined or chemically bonded together Can you name these compounds? CO2 – H2O - CO – Compounds can be broken down by chemical changes (chemical reactions)

56. Clues to Chemical reactions (chemical changes)
Reactants Products (ARROW POINTS TO PRODUCTS) What are the clues to these chemical reactions? Light match Acid & seashells Litmus paper KI & PbNO3 How do the pictures in Figure 2.15 indicate chemical changes have occurred?

57. Law of Conservation of Mass
The law of conservation of mass states that the mass of the reactants before a chemical reaction will be equal to the mass of the products after a chemical reaction. Draw a picture to show the Law of Conservation of Mass How did the seashell and acid reaction show this?