2. Section 25.1 Summary – pages 673 - 679
Characteristics of Animals
Animals are:
eukaryotic,
multicellular
Capable of movement that enables them to:
reproduce
obtain food
and protect themselves
Section 25.1 Summary – pages

3. Section 25.1 Summary – pages 673 - 679
Most animals have specialized cells that form tissues and organs. Ex: nerves and muscles.
Animals cells do not have cell walls.
Section 25.1 Summary – pages

4. 1. SKELETONS
HYDROSTATIC- skeleton formed through water pressure. ex. Earthworm

5. B. ENDOSKELETON- internal skeleton or cartilage, calcium carbonate or bones

6. Section 25.2 Summary – pages 680 - 685
Animal Protection and Support
The endoskeleton:
protects internal organs
provides an internal brace for muscles to pull against.
Section 25.2 Summary – pages

7. C. EXOSKELETON-hard, waxy covering for protection and support

8. SYMMETRY (BODY PLAN) -a balance in proportions
1. ASYMETRICAL- irregular in shape

9. Section 25.2 Summary – pages 680 - 685
2. Radial symmetry
Animals with radial symmetry - can be divided, through a central axis, into roughly equal halves.
Section 25.2 Summary – pages

10. Section 25.2 Summary – pages 680 - 685
3. Bilateral symmetry
An organism with bilateral symmetry can be divided down its length into similar right and left halves.
Section 25.2 Summary – pages

11. FEEDING Methods
Filter Feeding- dissolved organic material enters with water. Ex: Sponges, barnacles
Consuming – take in food through a mouth. Ex: Worms, insects, amphibians, mammals`

12. Section 25.1 Summary – pages 673 - 679
Animals obtain food
C. They are heterotrophic - they must consume food to obtain energy and nutrients.
Section 25.1 Summary – pages

13. 5. RESPIRATION- Methods of gas exchange. Carbon dioxide for Oxygen
DIFFUSION- dissolved oxygen enters with water. Ex: Sponges
Skin- through moistened skin Ex: amphibians
Gills –Ex: Fish
Lungs – Ex: Reptiles, Birds, and Mammals

14. 6. REPRODUCTION
A. ASEXUAL- BUDDING, a new organism forms, attached to mother

15. B. SEXUAL ( exchange of genetic material)
1. EXTERNAL FERTILIZATION- sperm and egg are released into the water and unite outside of female’s body
2. INTERNAL FERTILIZATION- sperm and egg unite inside female’s body

16. MOVEMENT
SESSILE- does not move
B. MOTILE- able to move

17. BODY TEMPERATURE
ECTOTHERMIC- cold-blooded, affected by environment’s temperature
ENDOTHERMIC- warm-blooded, able to maintain a constant internal temp.

18. CIRCULATION OPEN CIRCULATORY SYSTEM-
blood washes over internal organs, no blood vessels. Ex: jellyfish, clams
CLOSED CIRCULATORY SYSTEM-
blood contained in vessels. Ex: earthworms, amphibians, mammals

19. INVERTEBRATES (lacks a backbone)

20. Section 27.2 Summary – pages 728-733
1. PHYLUM ANNELIDA- segmented worms
What is a segmented worm?
Food is taken in by the mouth.
Wastes are released through the anus
Section 27.2 Summary – pages

21. 2. PHYLUM ARTHROPODA- insects, spiders, lobsters

22. 3. INSECTA- insects
SKELETON (3 PARTS)
Head
Thorax
Abdomen

23. 4. CLASS MAMMALIA- mammals
FUR- provides insulation, waterproofing, aids in maintaining body temperature
MAMMARY GLANDS- secrete milk
PLACENTA- organ that is used in passing oxygen to and removing wastes from the embryo, supports embryo

24. EVOLUTIONARY TRENDS IN VERTEBRATES
SYSTEM
FISH
AMPHIBIAN
REPTILE
BIRD
MAMMAL
CIRCULATORY
2- chambered
2-3 chambered
3-4 chambered
4- chambered
INTEGUMENTARY
(OUTER COVERING)
scales
slimy smooth skin
scales plates
feathers
hair
RESPIRATORY
gills
gills lungs skin
lungs

25. ANIMAL BEHAVIOR
BEHAVIOR- anything an animal does in response to a stimulus
Animal Defense BehaviorAnimal Defense Behavior

26. INNATE BEHAVIORS- inherited behaviors
REFLEX- reaction to stimulus

27. FIGHT-OR-FLIGHT RESPONSE-
FIGHT-OR-FLIGHT RESPONSE- a response to danger, mobilizes the body for greater activity, controlled by hormones
Fight or Flight Response

28. 3. INSTINCT- complex pattern of innate behaviors. Ex
3. INSTINCT- complex pattern of innate behaviors. Ex. How a goose knows to retrieve an egg that has rolled out of nest

29. 4. COURTSHIP BEHAVIOR- the behavior the males and females carry out before mating
Peacock Courtship

30. 5. TERRITORY- space that an animal defends
Big Horn Sheep

31. 6. AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOR- used to intimidate another animal
Crayfish Aggressive Behavior

32. 7. DOMINANCE HIERARCHY- a form of social ranking within a group in which some are more subordinate than others
Alpha Male Macaque

33. 8. CIRCADIAN RHYTHM- a 24-hour cycle of behavior

34. 9. MIGRATION- the instinctive seasonal movement of animals
Monarch Migration

35. 10. ESTIVATION- state in which the body’s energy consumption drops during very hot months in response to drought

36. 11. HIBERNATION- state in which the body’s energy consumption drops

37. Suckling – an innate behavior in newborns to get nourishment.
Taxis/Taxes- An innate behavior in an organism to a directional stimulus. Ex: earthworms are geotactic, preferring to be in the earth.

38. LEARNED BEHAVIORS
HABITUATION- when animals no longer respond to stimulus

39. 2. IMPRINTING- a form of learning at a critical time of life, forming a social attachment to another object
Duck Imprinting on Puppy

40. 3. TRIAL-AND-ERROR LEARNING- an animal receives a reward for making a particular response
4. MOTIVATION- an internal need that causes an animal to act, necessary for learning

41. Pavlov's Conditioning Experiment
5. CONDITIONING- learning by association Ex. Pavlov’s dog conditioned to bell
Pavlov's Conditioning Experiment

42. Ex. Chimps put 2 sticks together to reach food
6. INSIGHT- when an animal uses previous experience to respond to a new situation
Ex. Chimps put 2 sticks together to reach food
Crows Using Tools

43. 7. COMMUNICATION- an exchange of information that results in a change of behavior

44. 8. LANGUAGE- the use of symbols to represent ideas, humans have spoken & written language
9. PHEROMONES- Chemicals used for communicating. Especially in insects to attract a mate.