1. Anti-inflammatory Effect of Cynodon dactylon Linn on Adjuvant Induced Arthritis
Sindhu G. & Dr. A. Helen
Department of Biochemistry
University of Kerala
Kariavattom Campus
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2. Introduction Non-specific response to tissue injury Chemical agents
Cold, heat
Trauma
Invasion of microbes
Serves to destroy, dilute or wall off the injurious agent
Induces repair
Protective response
Can be potentially harmful
Inflammation

3. Inflammation Inflammation Acute Chronic
Acute versus chronic inflammation are distinguished by the duration and the type of infiltrating inflammatory cells

4. Cardinal Signs of Inflammation
Rubor = Redness
Tumor = Swelling
Calor = Heat
Dolor = Pain
Functio laesa = Loss of function

5. Process of Inflammation
Chemical such as histamine, kinins, prostaglandins, and leukotrienes (represented as blue dots) are released by damaged cell
Blood clot forms
Abscess starts to form (yellow area)
Tissue damage
Vasodilation and increased permeability of blood vessels
Phagocyte migration and phagocytosis
Tissue repair 1 2 3 4
Margination-phagocytes stick to endothelium
Emigration–phagocytes squeeze between endothelial cells
Phagocytosis of invading bacteria
Bacteria entering on knife
Eppiders
Subcutaneous tissue
Demis a b c
Neutrophil Macrophage
Bacterium
Blood vessels endothelium
Neutrophil
Monocyte
Erythrocyte

6. Inflammation – More information
Atherosclerosis, Reumatoid arthritis, Diabetes, Ulcertive colitis etc.
Steroidal and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are used for the management of inflammatory diseases.
Due to side effects associated with the long-term use of these agents, many patients tend to use alternative therapeutic approaches including herbal therapies that have been considered safe and effective in alleviating chronic pain associated with arthritis.

7. Cynodon Dactylon Linn. Kingdom : Plantae Division : Magnoliophyta
Family : Poaceae
Genus : Cynodon
Species : dactylon
Malayalam : Karuka
Parts used : Whole plant

8. Cynodon Dactylon Linn Ctd…
Cynodon dactylon is commonly known as Bermuda grass.
It is hardy, perennial grass, very variable, with long rapid-growing on the surface of the soil.
Traditionally it used to cure various inflammatory disease.

9. Objective of the Study
To evaluate the anti-inflammatory effect of methanolic extract of Cynodon dactylon on adjuvant induced arthritis.

10. MATERIALS & METHODS

11. Collection of Plant Material
The plant was collected freshly from Trivandrum. They were cleaned, dried under shade, and powdered.
Preparation of different extracts of plant.
The powdered plant material was soaked in 80% methanol and stand for 3 days.
Extract was concentrated to dryness.
This is used as Cynodon dactylon Methanolic Extract (CME).

12. Effect of CME on chronic inflammation model
Freund’s complete adjuvant will be injected into the sub plantar surface of the rat paw. Duration of the experiment will be 21 days. For the study, rats are divided in to 4 groups.
Group I - Normal
Group II - 0.1ml Freund’s complete adjuvant
Group III - 0.1ml FCA + CME (20mg/Kg body Wt)
Group IV - 0.1ml FCA + indomethacin (3mg/Kg body Wt)

13. Biochemical Estimations
Percentage inhibition of paw edema
5-LOX
15-LOX
COX
MPO
NOS
Concentration of Ceruloplasmin

14. RESULTS & DISCUSSION

15. Paw Edema Inhibition on Adjuvant Induced Arthritis Model
Percentage of Paw Edema Inhibition
III - CME
IV - Indomethacin
III IV
Inhibition, %
7th day
11th day
21st day
Groups

16. ODshift/min/mg protein
0.25
Activity of 5-LOX
I - Normal
II - Adjuvant
III - CME
IV - Indomethacin
Values expressed as mean ± SEM six animals
aP<0.05 between group I and experimental groups
bp<0.05 between group II and group III & group IV
PBMC a
ODshift/min/mg protein
a, b
a, b I II
III IV
Groups

17. ODshift/min/mg/protein
0.04
Activity of 15-LOX
I - Normal
II - Adjuvant
III - CME
IV - Indomethacin
Values expressed as mean ± SEM six animals
aP<0.05 between group I and experimental groups
bp<0.05 between group II and group III & group IV
PBMC a
a, b
a, b
ODshift/min/mg/protein I II
III IV
Groups

18. ODshift/min/mg protein
0.16
Assay of COX
I - Normal
II - Adjuvant
III - CME
IV - Indomethacin
Values expressed as mean ± SEM six animals
aP<0.05 between group I and experimental groups
bp<0.05 between group II and group III & group IV
PBMC a
a, b
a, b
ODshift/min/mg protein I II
III IV
Groups

19. Activity of MPO 20.0 I - Normal II - Adjuvant III - CME
IV - Indomethacin
Values expressed as mean ± SEM six animals
aP<0.05 between group I and experimental groups
bp<0.05 between group II and group III & group IV a
SERUM
Units/mg protein
a, b
a, b I II
III IV
Groups

20. Activity of NOS 3.0 I - Normal II - Adjuvant III - CME
IV - Indomethacin
Values expressed as mean ± SEM six animals
aP<0.05 between group I and experimental groups
bp<0.05 between group II and group III & group IV
SERUM a
a, b
a, b
Units/mg protein I II
III IV
Groups

21. Concentration of Ceruloplasmin
0.40
Concentration of Ceruloplasmin
I - Normal
II - Adjuvant
III - CME
IV - Indomethacin
Values expressed as mean ± SEM six animals
aP<0.05 between group I and experimental groups
bp<0.05 between group II and group III & group IV a
SERUM
a, b
µg/ml b I II
III IV
Groups

22. Concentration of CRP I - Normal II - Adjuvant III - CME
IV - Indomethacin
Values expressed as mean ± SEM six animals
aP<0.05 between group I and experimental groups
bp<0.05 between group II and group III & group IV a
SERUM
a, b
a, b
µg/ml I II
III IV
Groups

23. WBC Count I - Normal II - Adjuvant III - CME IV - Indomethacin
Values expressed as mean ± SEM six animals
aP<0.05 between group I and experimental groups
bp<0.05 between group II and group III & group IV a
WBC Count
a, b
a, b
c/mn I II
III IV
Groups

24. Conclusion
CME exhibits protection against adjuvant induced arthritis by anti-inflammatory effect.

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