1. Interferometry
Based on the idea of filling the aperture of a camera:

2. Very Long Baseline Array
kbk
The largest NRAO telescope is the Very Long Baseline Array. It consists of ten antennas spread across the United States from The Virgin Islands to Hawaii. These antennas have the resolving power of a telescope 5,000 miles in diameter.
Very Long Baseline Array

3. Interferometry Two (or more) telescopes observe the same object.
Their signals are made to interfere with each other.
An image is reconstructed with the angular resolution one would get from a dish the size of the distance between them.
The light-collecting area is still only the sum of the areas of the individual dishes.

4. In order for interferometry to work one must know the separation between individual telescopes to no worse than 1/10th the wavelength of the light being measured:
Also, the surface must be smooth to that accuracy:

5. Green Bank Interferometer
© 2004 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Addison-Wesley

6. The Very Large Array (VLA)

7. Traffic Jam, VLA Style

11. VLA Synthesized Aperture
Synthesized aperture in a few minutes, as “seen” by the radio source
Composed of 351 pairs of antennas

12. Synthesized Aperture—1 hour
Synthesized aperture after 1 hr of Earth rotation
Each pair “fills in” more of the aperture

13. Synthesized Aperture—10 hours
Synthesized aperture after 10 hrs of Earth rotation
Aperture is “filled in”
Very high fidelity imaging

14. Radio Galaxy Cygnus A: Pre-VLA

15. Cygnus A Imaged by the VLA

16. Maunakea is the best place in the world for astronomical observations..
Clear nights usually above cloud cover
Dry – low humidity
Stable wind patterns
Latitude allows view of northern and part of southern skies
Accessible

18. Maunakea (<1968 - before high school)

19. UH 24 inch
(plus students)
l = Optical

20. meter telescope

21. UH 2.2 meter
l = Optical/Infrared

22. 1979 – 2nd year of graduate school

23. IRTF
D = 3.0 m
l = Infrared

24. CFHT
D = 3.6 m
l = Optical/Infrared

25. UKIRT
D = 3.8 m
l = Infrared

26. 1987 – post-doctoral position

27. JCMT
D = 15 m
l = Millimeter / Submm

28. Caltech Submillimeter Observatory
D = 10.4 m l = Infrared

30. 1992 – staff position in Europe

32. VLBA
D = 25 m
l = cm

33. Brewster, WA Owens Valley, CA North Liberty, IA Los Alamos, NM
Pie Town, NM
The largest NRAO telescope is the Very Long Baseline Array. It consists of ten antennas spread across the United States from The Virgin Islands to Hawaii. These antennas have the resolving power of a telescope 5,000 miles in diameter.
Kitt Peak, AZ
Ft. Davis, TX

34. 1996 – Yale position

35. Keck I & II
D = 10 m (each)
l = Optical/Infrared

36. In order for interferometry to work one must know the separation between individual telescopes to no bigger than 1/10th the wavelength of the light being measured:
Also, the surface must be smooth to that accuracy:

37. 1999 – UPR and Arecibo Obs.

38. Gemini
D = 8 m
l = Optical/IR

41. Gemini
D = 8 m
l = Optical/IR

42. Subaru
D = 8+ m
l = Optical/Infrared

44. 2001 – UPR a IfA

45. SMA
D = 6 m (each)
l = Submillimeter

46. Maunakea today

47. Optical and Infrared Telescopes
UH 0.6-m Telescope
0.6 m
Optical UH
1968
UH 2.2-m Telescope
2.2 m
Optical/Infrared
1970
NASA Infrared Telescope Facility (IRTF)
3.0 m
Infrared
NASA
1979
Canada-France-Hawaiÿi Telescope (CFHT)
3.6 m
Canada/France/UH
United Kingdom Infrared Telescope (UKIRT)
3.8 m
United Kingdom
W. M. Keck Observatory (Keck I)
10 m
Caltech/ Univ. of California/NASA
1992
W.M. Keck Observatory (Keck II)
1996
Subaru
8 m
Japan
1999
Gemini Northern 8-m Telescope
Canada/Chile/Argentina/Brazil
Millimeter/Submillimeter Telescopes
Caltech Submillimeter Observatory (CSO)
10.4 m
Millimeter/ Submillimeter
Caltech/NSF
1987
James Clerk Maxwell Telescope (JCMT)
15 m
United Kingdom/ Canada/Netherlands
Submillimeter Array
Eight 6-m antennae
Submillimeter
Smithsonian Astro-physical Observ./ Taiwan
2001
Other Facilities
Very Long Baseline Array
25 m
Centimeter
National Radio Astronomy Observatory
1992

48. Who is employed by the IfA?
About ¼ are locals
Type of Personnel
Mänoa
Maui
Hawaiÿi
Total
Tenure/Tenure-Track Faculty 31 1 3 35
Non-Tenure-Track Faculty 9 2 11
Postdoctoral Fellows 7
Graduate Students 27
Technical Support (incl. MKSS) 21 13 47 81
Administrative Support 26 6
TOTAL
121 17 53
196
Hawaiian 1 3 6 11

49. Possible Job Opportunities:
Astronomer
Telescope Operator
Engineers (electrical, environmental, mechanical, etc.,)
Technicians
Computer Programmers (software, hardware)
Administrators
Office staff
Travel agent
Possible fields of study on the mountains:
Geology (study of geological features)
Archaeology (study of Ancient Sites)
Volcanology (study of volcanoes)
Botany (plants)
Anthropology (study of ancient civilizations people)
Meteorology (weather)
Biology (land & in the lake)
Entomology (study of insects)
High Altitude Physician
EMT (emergency medical technician)

50. And probably many more…
Maintenance (road grader, snow plow, heavy equipment operator, road
clearance etc)
Ranger (malama)
Cultural Resource
Interpretive Guide
Support services (Chef‘, housekeepers, hotel management)
Conservation & Forestry (Department of land & Natural Resources)
Game Management (Department of land & Natural Resources)
And probably many more…
Currently ~ 600 – 800 jobs in/around astronomy. With the new IfA projects, anticipate 2-3 times more jobs in the next years.

51. The distributed IfA Where are they employed? IfA Mänoa IfA Kula
Haleakalä
Maunakea
IfA
Hilo

52. MONEY MAGAZINE’s top ten jobs:
1. Software Engineer
2. College professor
3. Financial adviser
4. Human Resources Manager
5. Physician assistant
6. Market research analyst
7. Computer IT analyst
8. Real Estate Appraiser
9. Pharmacist
10. Psychologist

53. © 2004 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Addison-Wesley
Maunakea today
© 2004 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Addison-Wesley

54. © 2004 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Addison-Wesley
Maunakea tomorrow?
© 2004 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Addison-Wesley