1. Foundations in Medicine Lec -3-
بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم
Foundations in Medicine
Lec -3-

2. Concepts of Control The aim is to reduce disease:- 1.Incidence.
2.Duration and transmission.
3.Effects and complications.
4.Financial burden.
Disease elimination means interruption of disease transmission.
Eradication means tear it out by roots.

3. Concepts of prevention
Disease eradication
The termination of all transmission of infection by extermination of infections agent.
It is an absolute process and not a relative goal. All or non phenomenon.
Concepts of prevention
Goals of medicine are to:-
1.Promote health.
2.Preserve health.
3.Restore health when impaired.
4.Minimize suffering or distress.

4. The objective of preventive medicine is to intercept or oppose the cause and therapy the disease process.
Levels of prevention
A. Primordial Prevention.
B.Primary Prevention.
C.Secondary Prevention.
D.Tertiary Prevention.
A. Primordial Prevention:
It means the prevention of emergence or development of risk factors in countries or population groups in which they have not yet appeared.

5. Efforts are directed towards discouraging children from adopting harmful life style.
The main intervention is through individual and mass education.
B.primary prevention:
It is the action taken prior to the onset of disease,which removes the possibility that a disease will ever occur.
It is accomplished by:
1.Measures designed to promote general health and well-being ,and quality of life of people or by:
2.Specific protective measures.

6. In chronic illness , the primary prevention include: 1
In chronic illness , the primary prevention include: 1.population(mass)strategy. 2.High risk strategy.
C.Secondary prevention:
It is the action which halts the progress of a disease at its incipient stage and prevents complications.
Specific intervention include earl y diagnosis and adequate treatment.
It attempts to arrest disease process, restore health before irreversible pathological changes have taken place ;and reverse disease communicability.

7. Considered primary prevention for healthy individuals at the same time.
Secondary prevention is more expensive and less effective than primary prevention.
D.Tertiary prevention:
All measures available to reduce or limit impairments and disabilities,minimize suffering caused by existing departures from good health and to promote the patient’s adjustment to irremediable conditions.

8. It is intended to strengthen host through the following approaches:-
Modes of Intervention:
An intervention is any attempt to intervene or interrupt the usual sequence in the development of disease in man.
1.Health promotion:
The process of enabling people to increase control over, and to improve health.
It is intended to strengthen host through the following approaches:-
A.Health education.( It is considered a cost effective intervention).
B.Environmental modifications e.g. safe water supply ,proper housing and insects control).

9. C. Nutritional interventions e. g
C.Nutritional interventions e.g. fortification of food , feeding programs.
D.Life style and behavioral changes.
2.Specific protection :
I.e . The provision of conditions for normal mental and physical functioning , of the human being , individually and in the group.
It includes the promotion of health , the prevention of sickness and curative and restorative medicine in all its aspects.
Appearance of specific protection include:-
A.Immunization.
B.Use of specific nutrients.

10. 3.Early diagnosis and treatment
C.Chemo prophy laxis D.Protection against occupational hazards. E.Protection against accidents. F.Protection from carcinogens. G.Avoidance of allergenic. H.control of specific environmental hazards. I.Control of consumer product quality and safety of food ,drug and cosmetics.
3.Early diagnosis and treatment
A.Early detection of health impairment . It is the detection of disturbances of homoeostatic and compensatory mechanism while biochemical ,morphological and functional changes are still reversible.

11. B. Treatment
Mass treatment approach has been used in the control of certain diseases such as malaria.Its rational is the existence of at least (4-5) cases of latent infection for each clinical case of active disease in the community.
Depending upon disease nature and prevalence;treatment approaches are:-
A.Total mass treatment. B.Juvenile mass treatment. C.Selective mass treatment.

12. 4.Disability limitation:
Disease impairment disability handicap
The objective is to prevent or halt the transition of this process.
Disability means inability to carry out certain activities .
Definitions:-
A.Impairment: Any loss or abnormality of psychological , psychological or anatomical structure or function. B.Disability : Any restriction or lack of ability to perform an activity in the manner or within the range considered normal for a human being.

13. C.Handicap: A disadvantage for a given individual ,resulting from an impairment or a disability ,that limits or prevents the fulfillment of a role that is normal for that individual.
5.rehabilitation:
The combined or coordinated use of medical, social,educational and vocational measures for training and retraining the individual to the highest possible level of functional ability.

14. A. Medical Rehabilitation: The objective is to restore function. B
A.Medical Rehabilitation: The objective is to restore function. B.Vocational rehabilitation: The objective is to restore capacity to earn livelihood. C.Social Rehabilitation: The objective is to restore family and social relationship. D.Psychological Rehabilitation: The objective is to restore personal confidence.
The End