1. Introduction to Psychology
Mind, Consciousness, and Alternate States

2. Chapter 5 Journal What is consciousness?
What does it mean to be conscious?
What is an altered state of consciousness?

3. Chapter 5 vocabulary 1. Consciousness 2. Stream of consciousness
3. Circadian rhythms
4. Slow Wave Sleep
5. REM sleep
6. Insomnia
7. Sleep Apnea
8. Nightmares
9. Sleep Terrors
10. Somnambulism
11. Freudian Theory of Dreaming
12. Manifest Content
13. Latent Content
14. Dream Work
15. Narcolepsy
16. Activation-synthesis model of dreaming
17. Hypnosis
18. Analgesia
19. Dissociation
20. Meditation
21. Psychoactive drugs
22. Narcotics / Opiates (know examples)
23. Depressants / Sedatives (know examples)
24. Stimulants (know examples)
25. Hallucinogens (know examples)
26. MDMA
27. DEA Drug Scheduling
28. Tolerance
29. Physical Dependence
30. Psychological Dependence

4. Consciousness
Consciousness: a state of awareness of internal events and the external environment
Includes: perceptions, thoughts, feelings, images, desires
Sense of self: the experience of watching yourself from a privileged “insider” position
Do all organisms have consciousness?
And how can we tell?
Do all humans have consciousness?
Autobiographical memory (age 3)
Mental time travel (age 4)
Theory of mind (age 5)

5. Can we create consciousness?

6. Consciousness
Nonconscious: not typically available to consciousness or memory
Autonomic processes such as breathing, digesting, heart rate
Preconscious memory: memory that is not currently conscious but can easily be called into consciousness when necessary
A library of both factual and personal memories that operates in the background; can be activated at any time
The unconscious: completely inaccessible memories, thoughts, motives, or ideas that influence behavior

7. Consciousness
Functionalism: The study of the Function of consciousness; pioneered by William James
Survival (biological perspective): consciousness aids in planning, selecting and attending to environmental stimuli, and selective storage.
If consciousness was evolutionarily derived, would it be uniquely human?
Construction of Reality (sociocultural): consciousness allows for the personal and cultural construction of reality; people from different cultures have ways of thinking about the environment and experiences differently.
Collectivitistic v. Individualistic cultures

8. Sleep
Sleep: a naturally recurring state of mind and body characterized by altered consciousness, relatively inhibited sensory activity, inhibition of voluntary muscles, and reduced interactions with surroundings.
Growth, Maintenance, and repair of the body
Memory consolidation and mental recuperation
Circadian rhythm: an internal clock that regulates arousal levels, metabolism, heart rate, body temperature, and hormonal activity
Uses external time cues (clocks, sunlight)
Problems occur when the circadian rhythm is not aligned with these external cues
Non-24 sleep disorder in the blind
Night shift workers
Jet Lag

9. Stages of Sleep

12. Sleep Rapid Eye Movement (REM): stage of sleep where dreams occur
Usually accompanied by skeletal muscle paralysis (aka sleep paralysis)
Brain waves in REM sleep are similar to those when you are awake
REM sleep occurs for about 10 minutes every 90 minutes of sleep
For some reason, REM sleep is incredible important for memory consolidation and cognitive functioning
Extended deprivation of REM sleep may result in Hypnagognic Hallucinations

13. Sleep Disorders Insomnia: chronic failure to get adequate sleep
Includes the inability to fall asleep, frequent awakenings, and early morning waking
Narcolepsy: disorder characterized by sudden and irresistible instances of sleepiness during the daytime
Usually accompanied by cataplexy
Can be brought on by excitation, anger, fear, etc
Narcoleptics typically go into REM sleep almost immediately

14. Sleep Disorders
Sleep apnea: an upper- respiratory or neurological condition in which the person stops breathing while asleep.
When the person stops breathing, the body suddenly awakens in order to resume breathing

15. Sleep Disorders Somnambulism: sleepwalking Associated with NREM sleep
More prevalent in children
Adults taking certain medication (typically sleeping meds like Ambien) can engage in all kinds of routine behavior while sleeping; sleepwalking, sleep-eating, sleep-driving, & sleep-sex
It is safe to wake a sleepwalking person

16. Sleep Disorders
Nightmares: when a dream is frightening and makes you feel out of control
Most people repost 6-10 nightmares a year
People who have experiences traumatic events tend to have repetitive nightmares that make them relive the experience
PTSD
Sleep / Night Terrors:
Occurs when a person suddenly wakes in a state of extreme arousal, often marked by screaming.
Occur in NREM sleep
Person typically does not remember the dream
Most frequent in children

17. Sleep and Dreams Dream Analysis
Most cultures believe that the content of dreams has significance.
Freudian Dream Analysis:
Latent content: hidden meaning
Manifest content: dream representation
Dream work: the distortion process of converting latent content to manifest content
Contemporary Dream Analysis:
Dream content is influenced by waking experiences
The involvement of the hippocampus and amygdala suggest that memories and emotions are activated
Dreams-for-Survival theory
Activation-synthesis theory

18. Hypnosis Hypnosis is real, but only to those who are hypnotizable
Begins with relaxation and concentration exercises
Placebo effect?
The hypnotic state is one of deep relaxation and focus on a particular stimulus or event
People under hypnosis can experience perceptual and motor abnormalities under suggestion
Hypnosis relies more on the client than it does on the hypnotist
20% of people CANNOT be hypnotized at all

19. Hypnosis Hypnosis can be used to: Hypnosis is largely a placebo
Manage pain
Recover memories
Under suggestion, false memories may be created
Cope with stress
Hypnosis is largely a placebo

20. Meditation
Meditation: a family of practices that train attention to heighten awareness and bring mental processes under greater voluntary control
Rooted in various world religions including Buddhism, Hinduism, & Taoism
People who meditate are more susceptible to hypnosis and lucid dreaming
Physiologically, meditation leads to an altered state of bodily arousal
Lower respiration and heart rate

21. Psychoactive Drugs
Psychoactive Drugs: chemicals that affect mental processes and behavior by temporarily changing conscious awareness
Four (4) major classes of psychoactive drugs:
Hallucinogens
Opiates
Depressants
Stimulants

23. Psychoactive Drugs
Stimulants: Drugs that have an arousal effect on the CNS
Raises heart rate, blood pressure, and muscular tension; Increases alertness, confidence, decreases reaction time
Can cause insomnia, nervousness, irritability, and paranoia
Examples:
Caffeine
Nicotine
Cocaine
Methamphetamine

24. Psychoactive Drugs
Depressants: Drugs that slow down the nervous system; neurons fire more slowly
Feelings of intoxication, euphoria; decreased anxiety, loss of inhibition
Slurred speech, disjointed muscle control, and loss of consciousness
Examples:
Alcohol
Barbiturates
Benzodiazepines
Rohypnol

25. Psychoactive Drugs
Opioids (Narcotics): drugs that reduce the perception of pain; derived from the opium poppy or in synthetic form
Relive pain and anxiety
Can cause life-threatening respiratory depression
CMO patients
Naloxone (Narcan)
Incredibly addictive
Examples:
Morphine
Heroine
Oxycodone
Dilaudid

26. Psychoactive Drugs
Hallucinogens: drugs that are capable of producing hallucinations or changes in the perceptual process
Perception of reality, space, and time is distorted; sense of peacefulness and calm
Long-term damage to memory and intellect; people may experience “flashbacks”
Examples:
Marijuana
Psilocybin mushrooms
Mescaline
LSD
Ketamine

27. Psychoactive Drugs MDMA (Ecstasy) Considered a hallucinogen
Works by increasing levels of the hormone Oxytocin
“bonding” hormone associated with love and connectedness
MDMA was originally used in couples therapy to increase intimacy
Now widely abused, MDMA is no longer prescribed

29. Drug addiction
Tolerance: a progressive decrease in a person’s responsiveness to a drug
Increased dosage is required to maintain the same effect
Physiological dependence: a person must keep taking the drug in order to avoid withdrawal
Psychological dependence: a person feels as though they must continue using a substance to satisfy a mental or emotional craving.

30. Drug Use & Abuse Drug Use Drug Abuse Drug Dependence
Taking a psychoactive substance for non-medical purposes
Drug Abuse
Drug use that leads to problems (e.g. loss of effectiveness in society; behavioral psychopathology, criminal acts)
Drug Dependence
A maladaptive pattern of drug use leading to clinically-significant impairment or distress, associated with difficulty in controlling drug-taking behavior, withdrawal, and tolerance
The state of needing a drug to function within ‘normal limits’

31. Addiction Addiction is: a chronic brain disease
expressed as compulsive behavior
expressed within a social context
prone to relapse
treatable

32. Pathway to Addiction

34. Animal Models of Reinforcement
Self-administration
Animals work for reinforcing drugs (IV, oral, inhalant)
Schedules of reinforcement (fixed, progressive ratio)

35. Drugs that are self administered by animals
Alcohol
Amphetamine
Barbiturates
Caffeine
Cocaine
Nicotine
Opiates
PCP
THC
The Marula Fruit: