1. Topical Agents

2. Definition
Topical : Place the use of these drugs or compounds on the surface
Ex: Antiseptic
Systemic: The drugs are absorbed into circulatory system and distributed to various organs or tissues.

3. Types of inorganic topical agents
The compounds used topically will be divided into broad categories based on their usual action or uses.
There are TWO types:
1- Protective agents.
2- Antimicrobial agents.

4. Protective agents
Are substances which may be applied to skin to protect certain areas from irritation.
Properties of protective agents are insoluble in water ( H2O), and chemically inert ( unreactive), in order to prevent interactions between the protective substance and the tissue.
Also, small fine partials(large surface area).

5. Classification of protective agents
1- Dusting powders.
2-Suspensions.
3- Ointments

6. Talc
MgO.4SiO2.H2O
Hydrous magnesium silicate, very fine white powder, smoothly, greasy feeling to the touch( soapstone).
Talc is characterized as fine powder ( 80/100) mesh particle size, odorless, insoluble in water ,dil HCl, bases.

8. Uses of Talc 1- It is useful in lubricating, protective dusting,
Can be prevent any friction.
2-Used for wound & surgical incision because can produce sterile abscesses
3- Used in medical gloves.( plastic disposable)
4- Used in cosmetic may be perfumed
Medical Talc by mixing boric acid with talc as antimicrobial agents.

9. Zinc Oxide The chemical formula for Zinc oxide is ZnO
Is a very fine, oderless, amorphous , white or fait yellow powdwer, can heated ∙C
Zno is insoluble in water, alcohol, but react with dil HCl
ZnO + HCl ZnCl2 + H2O

10. Uses of Zinc Oxide
1- Is a mild astringent and weak antimicrobial agents. Used as powder, ointments to protect the skin.
2- Dusting powder used in the treatment of skin ulceration & other dermatological problems.
Medicated zinc oxide by mixing with boric acid as antimicrobial agents.

11. Calamine The formula is ZnO.xFe2O3
Can be synthesized by mixing ZnO with ferric oxide.
It is a fine powder, water insoluble, alcohols ,adhering to the skin.

12. Uses of Calamine Calamine can be used as topical protective agent.
1- It is USP product used as dust powder, calamine lotion ( applied to skin )pink color.
Calamine is applied to the skin for its adsorbent, protective properties, used in dermatological problems.

13. The calamine lotion contain ZnO and ferric oxide equally mixed Bentonite magma in the solution of Calcium hydroxide.
Phenolated calamine lotion( USP ) contains 1% liquid which provide a local anesthetic and anti- itching action.

14. Titanium Dioxide
TiO2 as topical protective agent, it is characterized by off white powder color, tasteless, odorless. A 1 to 10 aqueous suspension of the solution is neutral to litmus paper.
It is insoluble in water , HCl. HNO3, dil H2SO4.
It is soluble in HF, Conc. H2SO4.Also, in H2O2
TiO H2O TiO3
Tritium dioxide Titanium trioxide

15. Uses of TiO2
TiO2 is a protective agent, topically, used as Sun screen light ( UV light radiation) due to its highly refractive index.
Many pharmaceutical preparation as TiO2 cream, 5, 10, ..25% ointments.
Other organic sun screen agent p- amino-benzoic acid ( PABA).
TiO2 used in cosmetic and paints.

16. Aluminum
Aluminum ( Al ) is a silver- white metal as protective agents , highly affinity to O2 forming Al2O3as protective layer.
It is insoluble in water, alcohols, and uncreative towards HNO3,H2SO4
It react rapidly with dil HCl
HCl + Al AlCl3. 6H2O
Aluminum, paste ( ZnO with base ) used for prevent irritation.

17. Silicon Polymer
There are inert protective substances occurring in liquid form known as Silicon oils; e.g.dimethyl silicon ( Dimethicon,or Simethicone )
CH CH CH3
CH3 Si-O- ( Si - O ) Si - CH3
CH CH CH3
Very well adhere to skin, but not wound, be avoided contact to the eyes.

19. Topical Agents
3rd Year Pharmacy

20. Outline Classification a- protective b- antimicrobial agents
A- protective products
Talc , Zinc oxide ZnO, Calamine, Titinum oxide TiO2, Al products& silicon polymer
Antimicrobials
Mechanism 1-oxidation H2O2,ZnO,KMnO4, Iodine
2- Halogenations NaOCl
3- protein ppt AgNO3.

21. Protective Agents Protective
Any agent that isolates the exposed surface from harmful or annoying stimuli
Properties of protective agents:
Insoluble in water Chemical Inertness Adsorbent

22. Deeper penetration of topical agents are also seen in many cases which are beneficial. (Penetration of antiseptics into the tissue
 below the skin prevents the possibility of deeper infections)-

23. Protective Agents Talc
Talc (Mg3Si4O10(OH)2
protective: native hydrous magnesium silicate, common name and chemical formula.
Soapstone can be grinding in 80/100 mesh particle size.
As grease touch., insoluble in water,
Uses as protective agents , as lubricants and in  pharmaceuticals, as cosmetics, ceramics,  for plastic cloves,

24. Zinc Oxide ( ZnO )
White or fait yellow color powder, insoluble in water. Other formulation as Zinc Oxide ointment for adult, & Zinc Oxide in Glycerin for children.
Dusting powder, used astringent and protective topical agent, mild antiseptic, used in the acne preparation, eczema,& psoriasis
It is usually used in the manufacture of plasters.

25. Calamine ZnO and Fe2O3

26. It used as dusting powder, lotions, ointments, as smoothing agents, for sunburn, eczema, urticaria. Calamine lotion is very popular.

27. Boric Acid H3BO3
Is a weak acid, used as antiseptic, and as chemical precursor for many reactions.
Uses:
1- Antiseptic
2- dilute solution for eye wash
3-Acne
4- Vaginal douche against bacteria.
5-It used as protective against athlete foot.

28. Titanium dioxide TiO2
Topical protective agents as cream is used against sunscreen to protect the skin aganist ultra-violet light ( U.V.).
The organic topical protective agents is
P-aminobenzoic acid ( PABA) .

29. Antimicrobial Agents Antiseptic:
Any agent which kills or inhibits the growth of microorganisms found in living tissue.
Disinfectant:
Any agent which kills or inhibits the growth of microorganisms found in inanimate objects.
Germicide:
General term for fungicide, bactericide, amoebicide

30. Mechanisms of action of antimicrobials
There are THREE proposal mechanisms:
1-Oxidation 2-Halogenation Protein Precipitation3-

31. Oxidation cell membrane of bacteria
SH SH S---S

32. Halogenation the protein of the cell membrain
H2N CHR CO NH CHR1---
(HOCl) NaOCl
H2NCHRCONCl CHR!...

33. Protein pption that kill the microbe
H2NCHR1CONHCHR2----
AgNO3
H2NCHR1CONHCHR2--- Ag

34. Hydrogen Peroxide H2O2
liquid not store in glass bottles because it decompose ,it store in white plastic container, keep in cold dark place to prevent decomposition.
There are many uses :
1- Antiseptic for wash wound , teeth and ear
2-Bleaching color ( hair ).
3- Laundry for cloths.

35. Sodium Perborate
Antimicrobial:  Composite of H2O2, NaBO2 and NaOH Used as bleaching agent in non-chlorine laundry bleaches

36. Potassium Permanganate KMnO4
Chemically is a strong oxidizing agent, solid purple crystalline , odorless.
Store in well closed container.
Uses:
1- Oxidizing agent for skin disease in different concentrations 1: 5000, 1:15000
2- used in swimming pool for athlete foot.
3- Strong oxidizing for many organic reactions.

37. Iodine I2 It is dark violet ,insoluble in water , but the
I2 + KI = I3 – Complex soluble in water as iodine solution, soluble in alcohol known as tincture iodine
Iodine solution weak solution ( 25g I2 + 25g KI ) in 100ml
And strong solution ( 50g I2 + 50g KI ) in 100 ml.
Iodine preparations and compounds
Antimicrobial property due to oxidation and Iodination disinfectants
A chemical reagents in analytical reagent.
In drug synthesis.
In Povidin iodine as new product.

38. Povidone Iodine ( PVP – I)
is a stable chemical complex of poly vinyl pyrrolidine iodide. It is broad spectrum antiseptic for wounds. It is used disinfectant .

39. 2- Halogenation Dakin's Solution
Sodium hypochlorite solution, (usp)  Contains 4-6% of NaOCl,
It is made from bleach that has been diluted and treated to decrease irritation. Chlorine, the active ingredient in Dakin's solution, is a strong antiseptic that kills most forms of bacteria and viruses..

40. 3- Protein ppt (Silver Nitrate AgNO3)
Prepare as 1% AgNO3 , protective from light due to oxidation. Effective against gonococcal organism.
Antimicrobial activity of these compounds is due to protein precipitant action.
1% used eye newborn babies.