1. An Introduction To The Health Effects of Caffeine
April 17, 2018
A Small Dose of ™ Caffeine
An Introduction To The Health Effects of Caffeine
A Small Dose of Caffeine

2. What Is This? O CH3 CH3 N N N O N CH3 7 1 3 April 17, 2018
A Small Dose of Caffeine

3. Caffeine – 1,3,7 Trimethylxanthine
April 17, 2018
Caffeine – 1,3,7 Trimethylxanthine O
CH3
CH3 N N 7 1 3 N O N
CH3
A Small Dose of Caffeine

4. History of Coffee Date Event
April 17, 2018
History of Coffee
Date Event
~ Coffee beans discovered - The fable says that an Ethiopian goat or sheepherder noticed that the goats were more alter after eating the wild berries. He then sampled this new delicacy.
~ First coffee trees and roasting of coffee beans.
Constantinople – the world’s first coffee house.
1600s - Coffee enters Europe and moves quickly to the Americas
1700s - Coffee house open throughout Europe.
First coffee plants are introduced into the Americas.
First espresso machine is created in France.
First instant coffee invented by the Nestlé company.
Starbucks opens its first location in Seattle, Washington's Pike Place Market.
A Small Dose of Caffeine

5. April 17, 2018
Caffeine & Money
The coffee and cola industries owe their wealth to the physiological properties of the drug caffeine.
S.G. Gilbert (2001)
A Small Dose of Caffeine

6. History of Tea Date Event
April 17, 2018
History of Tea
Date Event
3000 B.C. - Tea discovered in China or introduced form India
350 B.C. - First written description of Tea drinking in China.
450 A.D. - Turkish traders bargain for Tea and the Silk road is born.
Tea introduced to Japan.
Japanese Tea ceremony created and popularized
Dutch bring Tea to Europe
Boston Tea party, rebellion against England’s tea tax
England sends first Opium to China to help pay for tea.
First experimental tea plantations in Assam, India.
Tea bags invented in New York.
A Small Dose of Caffeine

7. History of Chocolate Date Event
April 17, 2018
History of Chocolate
Date Event
400 B.C. - Olmec people of Mexico made chocolate drinks
250 A.D. - Mayans of Mexico were cultivating cocoa crops
Cocoa was brought to Spain by Hernando Cortés
1600s Chocolate drinks introduced into Europe
First English chocolate houses open
Screw press that extracted the cocoa butter from the beans invented in Holland
1840s Chocolate as solid developed
A Small Dose of Caffeine

8. Quote – Lovers of Coffee
April 17, 2018
Quote – Lovers of Coffee
Coffee
Black as hell, strong as death, sweet as love.
Turkish proverb.
A Small Dose of Caffeine

9. April 17, 2018
Quote – Fear of Coffee
"Often coffee drinkers, finding the drug to be unpleasant, turn to other narcotics, of which opium and alcohol are most common.“
Morphinism and Narcomanias from Other Drugs (1902) by T. D. Crothers, M.D.
A Small Dose of Caffeine

10. April 17, 2018
Quote – Love of Tea
“Tea, though ridiculed by those who are naturally coarse in their nervous sensibilities … will always be the favorite beverage of the intellectual.”
Thomas De Quincey (1785–1859), English author. Confessions of an English Opium-Eater,“The Pleasures of Opium” (1822).
A Small Dose of Caffeine

11. Quote – Religion and Drugs
April 17, 2018
Quote – Religion and Drugs
If Christianity is wine, and Islam coffee, Buddhism is most certainly tea.
Alan Watts, The Way of Zen, 1957
A Small Dose of Caffeine

12. Historical Events Tea trade and opium Opium War of 1839-42
April 17, 2018
Historical Events
Tea trade and opium
Opium War of
Great Britain has a monopoly on the sale of opium which it forces on China; eventually gaining control of Hong Kong.
Consider our societies ongoing “war on drugs”.
A Small Dose of Caffeine

13. Caffeine and Society Most widely consumed stimulant drug in the world
April 17, 2018
Caffeine and Society
Most widely consumed stimulant drug in the world
Many people start consuming caffeine at an early age
A great deal of money is made from caffeine – why?
A Small Dose of Caffeine

14. Most widely consumed neuroactive compound
April 17, 2018
Exposure
Most widely consumed neuroactive compound
Coffee
Soda Products
Tea
Chocolate
A Small Dose of Caffeine

15. Caffeine Content 1 Cup of coffee – 65-175 mg 1 Cup of tea – 50 mg
April 17, 2018
Caffeine Content
1 Cup of coffee – mg
1 Cup of tea – 50 mg
Can of soda (12 oz) – mg
Bar of chocolate (30 g) – 1-35 mg
A Small Dose of Caffeine

16. Have you every drank too much caffeine?
April 17, 2018
Exposure and Effects
Have you every drank too much caffeine?
What are the effects?
A Small Dose of Caffeine

17. Aspects of Caffeine Desirable effects
April 17, 2018
Aspects of Caffeine
Desirable effects
Stimulant, increased alertness, concentrate, energy, bronchial dilator
Toxicity
Restlessness, jitters, anxiety, insomnia, elevated or irregular heart rate
No tolerance
Most develop little or no tolerance to the nervous system effects
Withdrawal effects
Transient but persistent, headache, low energy, in ability to concentrate
A Small Dose of Caffeine

18. Absorption Rapidly absorbed following oral consumption
April 17, 2018
Absorption
Rapidly absorbed following oral consumption
Peak blood (plasma) levels usually with 30 minutes
A Small Dose of Caffeine

19. Distribution Does not accumulate
April 17, 2018
Distribution
Distributes into all body compartments –
Pass easily into brain, breast milk and crosses placenta
Does not accumulate
A Small Dose of Caffeine

20. Metabolism/Elimination
April 17, 2018
Metabolized in the liver
Changed to di- and mon- methylxanthines
Excreted in the urine
A Small Dose of Caffeine

21. Half-life How long it takes to leave the body Average adult – 3-5 hrs
April 17, 2018
Half-life
How long it takes to leave the body
Average adult – 3-5 hrs
Child less that 6 months – 24 hrs
Pregnant – 7-8 hrs
Smoker – 2-3 hrs
Varies between individuals
A Small Dose of Caffeine

22. Theophylline – 1,3 Dimethylxanthine
April 17, 2018
Theophylline – 1,3 Dimethylxanthine O H
CH3 N N 7 1 3 N O N
CH3
A Small Dose of Caffeine

23. Blocks Adenosine receptor Adenosine is a calming neurotransmitter
April 17, 2018
Mechanism Of Action
Blocks Adenosine receptor
Adenosine is a calming neurotransmitter
A Small Dose of Caffeine

24. Parents Of Caffeine PURINE XANTHINE
April 17, 2018
Parents Of Caffeine
PURINE
XANTHINE
Parent of compounds found in RNA & DNA
Dioxypurine - Parent methylxanthines
A Small Dose of Caffeine

25. Normal Action of Adenosine
Adenosine Receptor 1
Adenosine
Outside Cell
Cell Membrane 2
Inside Cell
Adenosine binds to receptor 3
Signal Protein
Positive Response
Calming effect

26. Action of Caffeine 1 2 3 Caffeine Adenosine Receptor Caffeine
inactivates
receptor 3
Adenosine
can not bind
Caffeine
No Response
Resulting in Stimulation

27. Why so many $$s from caffeine?
April 17, 2018
Why so many $$s from caffeine?
Pleasant stimulant effects
Short Half-life (you need to back for more)
Can’t drink too much at any one time (toxicity)
Headache when you stop drinking it
A Small Dose of Caffeine

28. A Small Dose of ™ Caffeine
April 17, 2018
A Small Dose of ™ Caffeine
A Small Dose of Caffeine

29. Additional Information
April 17, 2018
Additional Information
Web Sites
England – Department of Health – Statement on the reproductive effects of caffeine. Online. < (accessed: 2 April 2003).
U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) - Perplexities Of Pregnancy. Online. < (accessed: 9 April 2003).
Caffeine – The Vaults of Erowid. Online. < (accessed: 2 April 2003).
A Small Dose of Caffeine

30. Authorship Information
April 17, 2018
Authorship Information
This presentation is supplement to
“A Small Dose of Toxicology”
For Additional Information Contact
Steven G. Gilbert, PhD, DABT
Web:
A Small Dose of Caffeine

31. Xanthine O H H N N N O N H 7 1 3 April 17, 2018
A Small Dose of Caffeine

32. April 17, 2018
Purine H N N 7 1 3 N N
A Small Dose of Caffeine