1. Language Awareness

2. Exercise 1
Read the letter and try to find the conflicts mentioned. Tell the reasons for them.
Example conflict and the reason:
Clare and her cousin she borrows Clare’s clothes without asking

3. Conflicts and reasons:
Sarah and younger brother
Sarah and Mum
Sarah and woman in supermarket
Sarah’s grandpa and neighbouring farmer
--behaviour
--looking after Damian
--wearing shoes
--sheep

4. Group discussion
What advice would you give Sarah to help her resolve the conflicts.

5. Perfective Verb Forms
Match the names of the verb forms with the structures in colourin the sentences below.
1. By the time I get back I will have read that book.
Future Perfect

6. 2. I expect you have been working hard for your exams!
3. I’ve finished most of mine.
4. Having come here every summer means that all of the people in the village are really friendly.
Present Perfect Continuous
Present Perfect
Perfective –ing form

7. 5. My brother remembered once having been taken round the tower.
6. I had been standing there for a minute or so when there was a noise.
Passive perfective –ing form
Past Perfect Continuous

8. 7. I suppose they must have known me since I was a baby.
8. My brother had finished it all!
Perfect infinitive
Past Perfect

9. Exercise 4
Read the sentences below from the text. Which of these (a-c) do the perfective verb forms refer to?
a. something happening before a time in
the past
b. something happening before the present
c. something happening before a time in
the future

10. 1. I’ve been staying with my family here on the coast.
2. My grandfather ’s lived here for years.
3. By the time I get back I will have read that book.
4. He had been standing there for a minute or so when there was a noise. b b c a

11. Practice
How long _______ you (employ) _____________ at this job?
---- Since 1990.
2. By the end of last year, another new
gymnasium _________________
(complete) in Beijing.
have
been employed
had been completed

12. 3. He _______________ (learn) English for eight years by the time he graduates from the university next year.
4. John and I _________ (be) friends for eight years. We first got to know each other at a Christmas party. But we _________ (see) each other a couple of times before that.
will have learnt
have been
had seen