NASA Atmospheric Tomography Mission:

NASA Atmospheric Tomography Mission:
ATom Overview & Science Objectives Steve Wofsy, PI Michael Prather, Deputy PI Dave Jordan, PM ATom Mission Objectives [Project Implementation Plan – due soon, affects all of us] Level 1 Threshold & Baseline Requirements Generic Flight Cycle (Paul Newman) Data Management Plan (Tom Ryerson)

NASA Atmospheric Tomography Mission:
ATom Overview & Science Objectives (Steve Wofsy, PI) Michael Prather, Deputy PI N.B. – ATom instruments, flights, and sequence of deployments are still being negotiated within NASA. Thus this document is a work in progress and should not be redistributed.

ATom Mission Objectives – What is really new here?
ATom 1st Science Team Meeting 22-24 Jul 2015 ATom Mission Objectives – What is really new here? ATom will calculate the chemical evolution of the air parcels it measures; this includes rates for gases (O3, CH4) as well as aerosols (BC, sulfate, SOA) ATom will build a chemical climatology of tropospheric constituents and reactivity that can be used to evaluate chemistry-climate models and assess human influence on the remote troposphere. ATom will build a chemical climatology with the resolution and range of species and conditions necessary for satellite algorithms.

ATom Tier 1 Science Objectives
• Acquire global scale tomographic data for reactive gases and aerosols, focusing on the remote troposphere over the major ocean basins. • Determine the rates and frequency of occurrence of the chemical processes that control short-lived climate forcing agents CH4, O3, and black carbon in the atmosphere. • Evaluate the impacts of pollutants from industrialized and emerging economies on global chemistry and composition. • Improve Chemistry-Climate Model (CCM) simulations of the wide range of conditions in the present atmosphere. •Place this chemistry in a global change and climate context

ATom Tier 2 Science Objectives
• Aerosols: measure distributions, composition, and growth; analyze sources, transformations and removal. • Greenhouse gases: measure distributions, analyze to determine sources, sinks, and validate satellites. • ODSs: measure distributions, analyze sources, budgets

ATom motivation and approach: What is out there?
A lot of structure and variability in key species: snapshots on the 720 hPa surface NOx H2O2 Figure Global NOx (ppt, precursor for NO radical) and H2O2 (ppt, precursor for OH radical) on the 720 hPa surface (1°x1° UCI CTM simulation at 1200Z 16 Jan 2005, Holmes et al., 2013). Note the extensive rivers of high photochemical activity in the mid-troposphere, where precursors vary by a factor of ten, and the absence of a diurnal cycle in precursors (the sun is over the dateline).

Even in terms of columns, there are rivers of water
and rivers of CH4 loss (OH)

Chemistry models cannot agree on how much HCHO is out there.
VOCs + OH  HCHO, HCOCH3, glyoxyl, …  regenerate HOx  more loss of CH4, O3

Expect different probability distributions for NOx
in Pacific (clean) vs. Atlantic (dirty) Chemistry-Climate Models should be able to simulate this climatology

A Tomographic slice down the dateline shows large (daily)
A Tomographic slice down the dateline shows large (daily) variability in UCI CTM modeled rates for L-O3 P-O3 L-CH4 When averaged over lat.-height bins, the slice is representative of the Pacific basin within ~15%

A HIPPO Tomographic slice down the dateline shows structures on isentropic coordinates & influence of distant sources – seen as climatology (vs. hindcast) is test of CCMs

Proposed DC-8 layout – out of date
update this from Adam Webster Added: more WAS flasks, added sensors PALMS (particle composition); PFP (ODS flasks - tbd); MEDUSA/AO2

ATom Mission Collect statistical distributions of core measurements, plus the associated along-track reactivity (modeled). Define average air parcels (30 s) spanning ~8 km, resulting in the measurement of more than 1,000 independent air parcels per 10-hour flight. Continually profile from 0.5 to 12 km. Flights to span 65S to 85N latitude in the Pacific Ocean basin, and large of the N & S Atlantic basin. Data will be obtained over 4 deployments /seasons.

ATom-1 Full list of measured species pages 1-14
Instrument(s) Sampling interval Data Quality Reactive Nitrogen Nitric oxide (NO) NOyO3 1 s 6 ppt + 3% Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) 15 ppt + 5% NOx (NO + NO2) 30 s 15 ppt +5% Nitric acid (HNO3) SAGA MC/IC 1.5 min 5 ppt + 10% CIT-CIMS 50 ppt + 30% Pernitric acid (HNO4) Total reactive nitrogen (NOy) 40 ppt + 12% VOCs C2–C4 alkanes PFP 15-30 s every 25 min+ 2 ppt + 10% Benzene Ethane (C2H6), Ethene (C2H4) WAS 15-90 s every 6 min‡ 3 pptv or 2% (whichever is larger) precision, 5% accuracy i-Butane (C4H10), Toluene (C7H8) 3 ppt, 3% (whichever is larger) precision, 10% accuracy Peroxyacynitrate (PAN) PANTHER s every 2 min ppt +/-5%

ATom-1 Full list of measured species page 16
Instrument(s) Sampling interval Data Quality VOCs Ethyne (C2H2), Propane (C3H8), Propene (C3H6), n-Butane (C4H10), n-Pentane (C5H12), i-Pentane (C5H12), Isoprene (C5H8), Benzene (C6H6) WAS 15-90 s every 6 min‡ 3 ppt, 2% (whichever is larger) precision, 10% accuracy trans-2-Butene, cis-2-Butene, 1-Butene, i-Butene, Neopentane, 1,3-Butadiene, 1-Pentene, Isoprene, 2,3-Dimethylbutane, 2-Methylpentane, 3-Methylpentane, n-Hexane, Heptane, Ethylbenzene, m-Xylene, o-Xylene, α-Pinene, β-Pinene 3 ppt or 2% (whichever is larger) precision, 10% for accuracy Benzene TOGA 30 s every 2 min ± 15% or 2 pptv Toluene ± 15% or 1 pptv Ethylbenzene+m-/p-Xylene ± 20% or 0.6 pptv o-Xylene ± 20% or 0.4 pptv

ATom-1 Full list of measured species page 17
Instrument(s) Sampling interval Data Quality Benzene TOGA 30 s every 2 min ± 15% or 2 pptv Toluene ± 15% or 1 pptv Ethylbenzene+m-/p-Xylene ± 20% or 0.6 pptv o-Xylene ± 20% or 0.4 pptv Photoproducts and Oxygenates Ozone (O3) NOyO3 1 s 0.2 ppb + 2% UCATS 5 s 2 ppb + 2% Formaldehyde (HCHO) ISAF 20 ppt + 10% ± 40% or 40 pptv Acetone (CH3COCH3) ± 20% or 40 pptv

Photoproducts and Oxygenates
Species Instrument(s) Sampling interval Data Quality Photoproducts and Oxygenates Methyl ethyl ketone, MEK, (CH3COC2H5), MVK, Methacrolein TOGA 30 s every 2 min ± 20% or 2 pptv Methanol (CH3OH) ± 30% or 40 pptv Ethanol (C2H5OH) ± 30% or 20 pptv α-Pinene ± 30% or 0.4 pptv β-Pinene ± 30% or 1 pptv Acetaldehyde, Propanal ± 20% or 10 pptv Butanal, Acrolein ± 30% or 2 pptv Methyl t-butyl ether (MTBE) Ethyl Nitrate (C2H5ONO2) i-Propyl Nitrate (iC3H7ONO2) ± 15% or 2 pptv

Photoproducts and Oxygenates
Species Instrument(s) Sampling interval Data Quality Photoproducts and Oxygenates 2-Butyl Nitrate + n-Butyl Nitrate TOGA 30 s every 2 min ± 30% or 2 pptv Hydrogen peroxide (HOOH) CIT-CIMS 10 s 50 ppt + 30% Methyl peroxide (CH3OOH) Formic acid (HCOOH) 1 s 100 ppt + 30% Acetic acid (CH3COOH) Hydroxyl radical (OH) ATHOS 30 s 0.02 ppt + 20% Hydroperoxyl radical (HO2) 0.2 ppt + 20% OH loss rate 1 s % Methyl nitrate (CH3ONO2), Ethyl nitrate (C2H5ONO2), i-Propyl nitrate (C3H7ONO2), n-Propyl nitrate (C3H7ONO2), Butyl nitrate (C4H9ONO2), Pentyl nitrate (C5H11ONO2), Pentyl nitrate (C5H11ONO2) WAS 15-90 s every 6 min‡ 0.02 pptv or 3% (whichever is larger) precision, 20% accuracy

Aerosols Species Instrument(s) Sampling interval Data Quality
Particle distribution (4–1000 nm) NMASS; UHSAS 1 s Number: 8 cm3, 9% Surface Area: 2 µm2cm-3, 26% Volume: 0.1 µm3cm3, 36% Cloud drop distribution (2–50 µm) CDP TBD Black carbon mass and coating state SP2 12 ng/kg + 30% SO42–, NO3–, Cl–, NH4+ HR-AMS 0.1 µg/m3 ± 34% Organic aerosol 0.5 µg/m3 ± 38% Particle O/C 1s ± 25% Particle H/C ± 15% Particle OM/OC ± 20% Single particle composition ( nm). Particle type fractions for sulfate/organic/nitrate, biomass burning, elemental carbon, sea salt, mineral dust, meteoric, oil combustion PALMS 3 min 0 +15%

Aerosols GHGs and ODSs Species Instrument(s) Sampling interval
Data Quality Aerosols Particle type vol concentration PALMS 5 min 0.1 µm3 cm-3 +30% Sub micron SO42- SAGA MC/IC 1.5 min 0.05 µg/m3 + 10% Bulk Cl–, Na+, Ca2+ SAGA filters min Bulk SO42–, NO3–, Br–, C2O42–, NH4+, K+, Mg+ 0.02 µg/m3 + 10% 7Be 5 – 15 min 25 fCi/m3 + 5% 210Pb 0.5 fCi/m3 + 10% GHGs and ODSs Carbon dioxide (CO2) HTS 1 s ± 0.1 ppm, ± 0.02 ppm AO2 0.2 ppm MEDUSA 32 flasks/flight 0.1 ppm PFP 15-30 s every 25 min+ Methane (CH4) 2 s ± 1 ppb, ± 0.5 ppb

GHGs and ODSs Species Instrument(s) Sampling interval Data Quality
Methane (CH4) PANTHER/UCATS 3 s sample every 2 min 5 ppb + 0.5% PFP 15-30 s every 25 min+ 1.5 ppb a WAS 15-90 s every 6 min‡ 0.1%, 1% Nitrous oxide (N2O) HTS 1 s ± 0.2 ppb, ± 0.10 ppb 3 s sample every 1 min 1 ppb + 0.5% 15-30 s every 25 min+, 0.5 ppb a Sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) 0.05 ppt + 0.5% 0.06 ppt a CFCs PANTHER 1 ppt + 0.5% HCFCs and HFCs 2.8 min sample every 3 min 0.5 ppt + 1.5% CFCs, HCFCs, and HFCs 0.1 to 5%, depending on chemical C1 halides 0.2 to 10%, depending on chemical

Halons: H-1211, H-1301, H-2402 PFP 15-30 s every 25 min+ 1 to 2% depending on chemical Halon H-1211 PANTHER 3 s sample every 1 min 0.05 ppt + 1% Chloromethane (CH3Cl), Methylbromide (CH3Br) 2.8 min sample every 3 min 0.1 ppt + 2% Other halogenated hydrocarbons: CH3CCl3, CCl4, C2Cl2, CHCl3, C2Cl4, CHBr3, CH2Br2, CF4, C2F6 0.2 to 10% depending on chemical CFC-11 WAS 15-90 s every 6 min‡ 1% precision, 2% accuracy CFC-113 2% precision, 2% accuracy CFC-12 TOGA 30 s every 2 min ± 20% or 10 pptv ± 20% or 2 pptv HCFC-22 3% precision, 5% accuracy H-1211 (CBrClF2) 0.1 pptv or 3% (whichever is larger) precision, 5% accuracy CFC-114, HCFC-142b, HCFC-141b, HFC-134a 3% precision, 10% accuracy

HFC-152a WAS 15-90 s every 6 min‡ 5% precision, 20% accuracy H-2402, H-1301 5% precision, 10% accuracy Methyl bromide (CH3Br) 3% precision, 5% accuracy Dibromethane (CH2Br2) 0.1 pptv, 5% precision, 10% accuracy Bromoform (CHBr3) 0.1 pptv, 5% precision, 20% accuracy Chloroform (CHCl3) Methyl chloride (CH3Cl) 5 pptv or 3% (whichever is larger) precision, 5% accuracy Methyl iodide (CH3I) 0.01 pptv or 3% (whichever is larger) precision, 10% accuracy Dichloromethane (CH2Cl2) 0.3 pptv or 4% (whichever is larger) precision, 20% accuracy Trichloroethylene (C2HCl3) Bromodichloromethane (CHBrCl2), Dibromochloromethane (CHBr2Cl) 0.1 pptv or 10% (whichever is larger) precision, 20% accuracy

Species Instrument(s) Sampling interval Data Quality GHGs and ODSs
Carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) WAS 15-90 s every 6 min‡ 2% precision, 5% accuracy Tetrachloroethene (C2Cl4) 0.05 pptv or 3% (whichever is larger) precision, 10% accuracy Methyl chloroform (CH3CCl3) 1 pptv or 3% (whichever is larger) precision, 5% accuracy 1,2-dichloroethene 1 pptv, 5% precision, 50% accuracy Methyl bromide (CH3Br) TOGA 30 s every 2 min ± 20% or 2 pptv Dibromomethane (CH2Br2) ± 15% or 0.06 pptv Bromoiodomethane (CH2BrI) ± 30% or 0.06 pptv Chloroform (CHCl3) ± 15% or 2 pptv Bromoform (CHBr3) ± 30% or 0.4 pptv Bromodichloromethane (CHBrCl2) ± 20% or 0.06 pptv Dibromochloromethane (CHBr2Cl) Chloroiodomethane (CH2ClI) ± 20% or 0.14 pptv

Tracers and other species
Instrument(s) Sampling interval Data Quality GHGs and ODSs Diiodomethane (CH2I2) TOGA 30 s every 2 min ± 40% or 0.1 pptv Chlorobenzene (C6H5Cl) ± 15% or 0.2 pptv Tetrachloroethylene (C2Cl4) ± 15% or 0.6 pptv Tracers and other species Carbon monoxide (CO) HTS 1 s ± 3.5 ppb, ± 0.15 ppb PANTHER/UCATS 3 s every 2 min 3 ppb + 2% PFP 15-30 s every 25 min+ 1.2 ppb WAS 15-90 s every 6 min‡ 3% precision, 5% accuracy Acetonitrile (CH3CN) ± 40% or 2 pptv DMS (CH3SCH3) ± 15% or 1 pptv Oxygen (O2/N2) AO2 3 per meg MEDUSA 32 flasks/flight

Tracers and other species
Instrument(s) Sampling interval Data Quality Tracers and other species Argon (Ar/N2) MEDUSA 32 flasks/flight 6 per meg Hydrogen cyanide (HCN) CIT-CIMS 1 s 50 ppt + 30% TOGA 30 s every 2 min ± 50% or 20 pptv Water vapor (H2O) DLH 0.2 ppm + 10% UCATS 1 ppm + 5% Hydrogen (H2) PANTHER/UCATS, PFP 3 s sample every 2 min, s every 25 min+ 2 ppb + 1%, 4 ppb Sulfur dioxide (SO2) 250 ppt + 30% Carbonyl sulfide (OCS) PFP 15-30 s every 25 min+ 1% Carbonyl Sulfide (OCS) WAS 15-90 s every 6 min‡ 3% precision, 10% accuracy PANTHER 2.8 min sample every 3 min 2 ppt + 1.5% DMS (CH3SCH3) 0.5 ppt or 1% (whichever is larger) precision, 10% accuracy DMDS (CH3SSCH3) 0.1 ppt or 3%, (whichever is larger) precision, 20% accuracy

Full list of measured species
Instrument(s) Sampling interval Data Quality Tracers and other species Methyl iodide (CH3I), Carbon disulfide (CS2) PANTHER 2.8 min sample every 3 min TBD Isotopes: δ13CH4 PFP 15-30 s every 25 min+ 0.1 per mil Solar Radiation Spectrally-resolved actinic flux ( nm) CAFS 3 s 5 x 10-5s % for jNO2 Meteorological Data Static P, static T, 3D winds; turbulence MMS 0.05 s 0.3 mb, 0.3K, 1 m/s ‡WAS sampling interval is based on 100 canisters and a nominal 10-hour flight time. +PFP sampling interval based on 24 flasks being filled during a nominal 10-hour flight, though actual sampling will most likely be triggered at specific pressure/altitude points. aThese values represent the sum of repeatability plus reproducibility. ATom-1 added species (no cost to the mission): HFCs, Br compounds: PFPs O2:N2 ratio, Ar:N2 ratio, 14CO2 : Medusa/AO2 Aerosol Elemental Composition: PALMS

Planned Deployment Schedules
Upload Flights Download ATom-1, 2016 June 21-July 27 July 28-August 22 August 23-26 ATom-2, 2017 January 9-25 Jan 26-Feb 20 Feb 21-24 ATom-3, 2017 Sept 11-27 Sept 28- Oct 23 Oct 24-27 ATom-4, 2018 April 9-25 April 26-May 21 May 22-25

sample: Flight #5: CHC-PUQ
flight planning: Paul Newman & Leslie Lait GSFC

Flight Summary 79 *2 + 20 = 178 profiles per deployment # Origin
Destination Distance (nmi) Time VPMs TCCON sites Palmdale Equator 4291 10:24 8 Caltech 1 Anchorage 3715 9:32 10 2 Kona 2505 6:16 5 3 Pago Pago 3698 9:04 6 4 Christchurch 2547 6:26 Lauder Punta Arenas 4185 10:02 9 Ascension Is. 3836 9:40 7 Azores 3355 8:34 Izana Kangerlussuac 3782 9:47 11 Eureka 3579 9:51 Park Falls, Four Corners, Lamont, Caltech total 35493 89.6 h 79

Michael Prather (UC Irvine CTM)
ATom 1st Science Team Meeting 22-24 Jul 2015 Global Chemical Models – Global modeling, Representativeness, and Integrated Products (GRIPs) Michael Prather (UC Irvine CTM) Sarah Strode & Jose Rodriguez (NASA GEOS-CCM & GEOS-CCM) Jean-Francois Lamarque (NCAR CESM/CAM5) Arlene Fiore & Lee Murray* (GEOS-Chem & GFDL AM3)

It’s a wild and crazy world out there: Atmospheric Water Rivers
(from the ECMWF T319 forecast model) 16 Jan2005 In the real world it may be even crazier (fine grained) (from NOAA ESRL) 15 Jul 2010

? It’s a wild and crazy world out there: Rivers of CH4 Loss
(UCI CTM run w/ECMWF T319 forecast) 16 Jan2005 In the real world it may be even crazier ?

There is a lot of structure and variability in key species
NOx (snapshots on the 720 hPa surface) NOx Probability Distributions vary considerably between Pacific & Atlantic basins

Joint Probability Distributions = excellent model diagnostic
O3 vs. CO (courtesy of TRACE-P 2001 ) CTM Hindcast following flight tracks looks OK

? Why do we care about Representativeness?
need to develop and test the Chemistry-Climate Models Chemical climatology for region does not match ?

From the models we take a single day (~16 Aug) simulations
with 4-D gridded quantities: (I=longitude grid, J=latitude grid, K = layer 0-13 km, N = species index) For UCI T319, an ATom slice of 60S-60N x 0-12km has 27x 212 = 5724 air parcels

From the models we take a single day (~16 Aug) simulations
with 4-D gridded quantities: (I=longitude grid, J=latitude grid, K = layer 0-13 km, N = species index)

UCI: 60S-60N x 0-12km x 1°(@180W) Jan16 sorted by NOx (to be switched to Aug 16)
Frequency of NOx (sorted by abundance with 10 bins per decade) plotted as air mass (Peta-moles) in the 1° wide tomographic slice with the range of NOx. For UCI here, all NOx falls between 2 and 400 ppt, most lies in ppt range, a second peak at 4 ppt. high NOx in winter, low sun, low reactivity low NOx in tropics N.B. log10 scale

Reactivities – PO3, LO3, LCH4 (in Mega-moles/day) – plotted as a function of NOx. Y-axis shows the amount of Mmoles/day in that bin (10-bins per decade in NOx ppt). PO3 peaks at high-NOx air masses. The low-NOx (4 ppt) is important for L-CH4 & L-O3. LCH4 x 2 (Mmol/d)

Reactivities – P-O3 linearity with NOx. Recalculate reactivity with 1.1*NOx and scale the increase in reactivity (x10), plot again. PO3 (lin-NOx) = [PO3(1.1*NOx) – PO3(std NOx)] x 10 and plot vs PO3(std NOx) (Also done for H2O2, but ignore the ‘+’s here.) PO3 is almost linear in NOx, only slightly sensitive to H2O2.

Reactivities – L-CH4 linearity with NOx. Recalculate reactivity with 1.1*NOx and scale the increase in reactivity (x10), plot again. LCH4 (lin-NOx) = [PO3(1.1*NOx) – PO3(std NOx)] x 10 and plot vs PO3(std NOx) (Also done for H2O2, but ignore the ‘+’s here.) LCH4 has some response to hi-NOx, much less sensitive to H2O2.

H2O2 Frequency in tropical domain: 0.1 to 2 ppb, interesting shape
UCI: 24S-24N x 2-8km x Jan sorted by H2O2 H2O2 Frequency in tropical domain: 0.1 to 2 ppb, interesting shape

UCI: 24S-24N x 2-8km x 1°(@180W) Jan16 sorted by H2O2
H2O2 sorted in smaller tropical domain: 0.1 to 2 ppb, interesting shape Reactivities have similar pattern, PO3 shifted to lower H2O2 (higher NOx).

One critical ATom measurement is the production of O3 (P-O3) in the 30-sec air parcels. Below is a model sampling of the ATom Pacific flights in January. We select a NOx measurement threshold of 14 ppt since 90% of the O3 is produced in air parcels with NOx > 14 ppt. > 14 ppt = 90% of P-O3 Note that in terms of total air mass, about 28% has NOx < 14 ppt, but the reactivity in these parcels is not sensitive to the NOx levels, and hence a measured upper limit is adequate.

UCI CTM 16 Aug one-day run diagnosed for ATom (M.Prather, 26 Oct 2015)
Using the netcdf file, this diagnoses the 3 major reactivity quantities plus the added quantity dO3 (true 24-hr change in O3). All quantities have been filtered for troposphere-only: LCH4 (ppb/day) calculated as loss freq (1/yr) x 1800 ppb / 365 days LO3 (ppb/day) PO3 (ppb/day) dO3 (ppb/day) Diagnosed every model layer latitudes averaged every 20°: 60S-40S-20S … -60N longitudes average over Pacific Basin (145E – 224E) and over DateLine (167E* – 190W) UCI CTM T159 day 228 run Oct * realized that I included extra bins near 168E, too late to redo figs.

This is an interesting diagnostic: transport O3 = dO3 – (PO3 – LO3)
where dO3 is the 24-hr change as requested for the .nc files. This is for the C-runs & 20° lat bins over the Pacific (Basin/solid & DateLine/dashed). Transport is mostly a positive component of the O3 budget. If we do the same diagnostic for the A-runs, we get of order ±0.01 meaning that the P and L as defined cover the total net P-L of O3. UCI CTM T159 day 228 run Oct 2015

AIR: global vs tropical Pacific
Joint PDFs all for UCI CTM for global (60-60, 0-12km) vs tropical Pacific (20-20, 0-12km) Example of NOx vs. CO, plotting relative amount of total in log-log pixels AIR: global vs tropical Pacific ½ - 12km ½ - 12km color bar normalized to “1” = 1 decade x 1 decade

shows up when weighted by PO3 !
Joint PDFs : global (60-60, 0-12km, 0°-360°) vs tropical Pacific (20-20, 0-12km, 140°-220°) Example of NOx vs CO, plotting relative amount of total in log-log pixels overflow, >1,000 ppb shows up when weighted by PO3 ! PO3: global vs tropical Pacific ½ - 12km ½ - 12km

L-O3: global vs tropical Pacific
Joint PDFs : global (60-60, 0-12km, 0°-360°) vs tropical Pacific (20-20, 0-12km, 140°-220°) Example of NOx vs CO, plotting relative amount of total in log-log pixels L-O3: global vs tropical Pacific ½ - 12km ½ - 12km

L-CH4: global vs tropical Pacific
Joint PDFs : global (60-60, 0-12km, 0°-360°) vs tropical Pacific (20-20, 0-12km, 140°-220°) Example of NOx vs CO, plotting relative amount of total in log-log pixels L-CH4: global vs tropical Pacific ½ - 12km ½ - 12km 0.78 ppb/day 1.01 ppb/day

Joint PDFs: (20S-20N x 140°-220° x 0-13 km)
GEOS-CHem UCI CTM

? ? Joint PDFs: (20S-20N x 140°-220° x 0-13 km)
GEOS-CHem vs ATom Observations (tbd) << AIR >> << L-CH4 >> ? ?

New – March 2016 all models

NCAR UCI GFDL GMI GEOS GISS

ATom 5-model PDFs of LCH4, LO3,PO3
box = 20S-20N x 150E-150W x hPa vs. NOx (ppt)

ATom 5-model PDFs of LCH4, LO3,PO3
box = 20S-20N x 150E-150W x hPa vs. H2O2 (ppt)

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