1. CHAPTER 35 BIOTECHNOLOGY CAREERS
Agarose
Artificial insemination
Biologic
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
Electrophoresis
Enzyme
Eugenics
Fermentation
Forensics
Monoclonal antibody Selective breeding
Journal question: What personal qualities would make a student a good candidate for a career in biotechnology health?

2. Chapter 35 Learning Objectives
Define at least 10 terms relating to biotechnology.
Identify the function of the biotechnologic health care team.

3. Chapter 35 Learning Objectives
Describe the role of at least five of the biotechnologic health care team members, including personal qualities, levels of education, and credentialing requirements.
Describe the structure, function, and method of replication of DNA.

4. Chapter 35 Learning Objectives
Describe three research techniques used by biotechnologists.
Describe at least three ethical concerns that have been raised since the beginning of DNA research.

5. Careers in Biotechnology
Biotechnology applies scientific and engineering techniques to the manipulation of genes of living organisms.
Biotechnology includes a broad range of improvements that may be applied to plants or animals and their products.

6. Biotechnology Timeline Highlights

7. Biotechnology Careers

8. Biotechnology Careers: Educational Costs and Earnings
Discuss the total costs of the education of a forensic science technician at Southern Wesleyan College for the bachelor’s degree program.

9. Biotechnologist
Applies scientific and engineering techniques to the manipulation of the genes of living organisms
Biotechnologists work in
Research
Forensics
Immunology
Teaching
Biotechnologist may work for regulatory agencies such as the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the National Institutes of Health (NIH).

10. Biotechnologist Education
Minimum of a master’s degree but usually holds a doctoral degree in biotechnology or related field
Biotechnologists are not licensed.

11. Biotechnologist Fields of Practice
Medical biotechnologist
Works with the production of antibodies for diagnosis or treatment of disease
Works to produce methods and products to treat diabetes, blood diseases, and heart disease
Research biotechnologist
Supervises the work of associates and assistants in industry and health care to find better products and solutions to disorders
One product of genetic research is the development of transgenic animals. Discuss the term transgenic. Discuss manipulation of the shiverer mouse.

12. Microscopic Cells
FIGURE 35-1 Microscopic Cells. A, Plant hairs.

13. Microscopic Cells
FIGURE 35-1 Microscopic Cells. B, Plant.

14. Microscopic Cells
FIGURE 35-1 Microscopic Cells. C, Blood.

15. Microscopic Cells
FIGURE 35-1 Microscopic Cells. D, Yeast.

16. Forensic Biotechnologist
Uses biologic samples, such as hair, skin, and blood, from a crime scene to identify suspects
Education
Associate or bachelor’s degree

17. DNA Fingerprinting
Possible because each person has segments of DNA that carry a specific message unique to that person
DNA segments can be separated by electrophoresis.
Process uses natural electrical charge of molecules.
Biotechnologists can take photographic images of DNA fragments.
Refer students to Figure 35-2 and discuss electrophoresis.

18. Electrophoresis
FIGURE 35-2 Electrophoresis is used to separate DNA fragments.

19. Biotechnician
Performs complex procedures of DNA extraction and cloning
Using computer technology, analyzes data gathered
Performs routine work of gene manipulation
Education
Bachelor’s degree in biotechnology or related field
Research associates need a master’s degree in biotechnology or related field.

20. Assistants in Biotechnology
Performs routine work of gene manipulation
Combining bacteria with nutrients or enzymes
Photographing projects
Performing simple tests
Performs laboratory duties, such as cleaning and sterilizing of glasswork
Education
Bachelor’s degree in biotechnology or related field

21. Geneticist
Studies patterns of inheritance and develops methods to influence genetic information
May work as counselors for individuals with a family history of genetic abnormalities
Areas of specialization include human, medical, molecular, cell, and population genetics.
Education
Usually required to have a doctoral degree
Licensure or certification is not required.
Geneticists may use computers to create models of proteins, drugs, and genes to design drugs or therapies.

22. Biomedical Engineer
Biomedical engineer or bioengineer designs, develops, and helps maintain instruments and machines that are used to monitor and treat disease.
Areas of study
Engineering
Biophysics
Bioinstrumentation
Biothermodynamics
Biotransport
Biomechanics
Biomedical computers
Most biomedical engineers work in hospitals.

23. Biomedical Engineer Education
Most biomedical engineers have a 4-year university degree.
Biomedical engineers who work in health care must be registered.
Licensing is preferred.

24. Biotechnologic Developments
Lasers
Pacemakers
Artificial hearts and kidneys
Biosensors
Biologic structures that recognize other structures
Converts information to voltage charge, sound, or light emission
Robotic surgical instruments
Can visualize the surgery site from a distance
Glucose meter is a type of biosensor.
Robotic surgery may possibly allow telecommunication of surgical skills in the future.

25. Support Personnel Biomedical equipment technician Bioprocess engineer
Inspects and adjusts the equipment used in health care
Education
Usually an associate degree
An apprenticeship may be required
Voluntary certification
Bioprocess engineer
Designs and operates the equipment used to ferment organisms used in biotechnology
Insulin and human growth hormone are two examples of products produced by fermentation.

26. Cell Genetics
Genetic information of humans is found in 23 pairs of chromosomes in the nucleus of every cell.

27. Karyotype Discuss each of the genetic abnormalities.
FIGURE 35-4 The karyotype may be used to show genetic abnormalities. (Courtesy Ward’s Natural Science Esta­blishment, Rochester, N.Y.)

28. Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)
DNA is a molecule
By sequencing its components, the characteristics of living things can be determined.
Two strands of DNA (chains of nucleotides) form a double helix.
Each human chromosome is made up of 50 to 250 million base pairs.
Replication is the process by which DNA makes copies of itself.

29. DNA
FIGURE 35-5 DNA holds the individual genetic code for each person. Each strand of DNA is made up of a series of nucleotides. The sequence of nucleotides determines which protein is synthesized. (Courtesy Joan M. Beck.)

30. Chromosome A chromosome is a long chain of DNA.
On the chromosome, sections of DNA carry genes (messages).
Gene found on DNA chain conveys its message by making protein.
DNA unfolds and breaks into strands.
Messenger RNA (mRNA) translates the DNA to form a message.
New mRNA strand leaves the nucleus and joins with more nucleotide segments (transfer RNA [tRNA]).
The tRNA carries amino acids that combine to form a protein.
The protein directs a body function or makes up structural characteristics.
Messenger RNA consists of special units of three nucleotides.
A single gene is made up of 6100 base pairs. Cystic fibrosis is an example of a single-gene disease.

31. Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA)
Mitochondria contain a small amount of DNA.
Mother of the organism contributes all mtDNA to offspring through the mitochondria in each ovum.
The mtDNA contains 37 genes that encode proteins involved in cellular respiration.
Mutation of mtDNA can cause several disorders.
Kearns-Sayre syndrome
Exercise intolerance

32. Pedigree Diagram
FIGURE 35-6 In a pedigree diagram, the females are shown as circles and the males as squares. The individuals who are shaded have the same mitochondrial DNA.

33. Mapped Genes

34. DNA Tests

35. Human Genome Project (HGP)
Project began in 1990 with goals of identifying and sequencing of all human chromosomes (gene mapping).
HGP was completed in 13 years with identification of approximately 3 billion chemical pairs that make up human DNA.
Eighty genetic diseases can be identified using DNA testing.
DNA can be used for newborn screening, prenatal screening, carrier identification, and forensic identification
The function of about 50% of genes discovered by the HGP is not known.

36. Pharmacogenomics
Pharmaceutical products are developed with biotechnology techniques.
Examples include genetically modified food products.
Edible vaccines
Therapeutic protein
Antibodies produced by plants
Discuss the two pharmacogenomics projects by ProdiGene Company and Crop Tech.

37. Bioinformatics
Combines the disciplines of biology, computer science, and information technology to study data, resulting in a large database of biologic information.
Gene mapping
DNA analysis
Protein analysis

38. Techniques of Biotechnology
Gene cloning
DNA is isolated from an organism that contains the desired gene.
It is purified and fragmented, and the segments are inserted into plasmids, forming recombinants that are placed into bacterial host cells.
Bacteria containing the plasmids grow on an agar medium, producing a colony of cells containing the cloned gene.
Cloning organisms
The botanical process involves removing a small number of meristem cells and, by manipulation, creating a complete new plant.
Plants, cattle, tadpoles, and sea urchins have been cloned.
In plant anatomy, the meristem is the region of cells capable of division and growth.
Discuss the process in cloning cattle, tadpoles, and sea urchins.

39. Techniques of Biotechnology
Gene splicing (transgenics)
Moving genes from one location to another in the same or different organism
An enzyme is used to cut a section of DNA open, allowing another to take its place in the plasmid.
Plasmids can be used to introduce new genetic information.
Process includes technique of transformation to produce recombinant DNA.
Plasmids are free-floating rings of DNA.

40. Techniques of Biotechnology
Gene therapy
Uses genes to treat disease such as heart disease, cystic fibrosis, infectious disease, and cancer
Gene manipulation
Production of human growth hormone by E. coli
Using recombinant DNA, E. coli have been constructed to produce human growth hormone
E. coli are common bacteria.

41. Performance Instruction
Determining a genetic fingerprint by removing the DNA from the nucleus of the cell
A detergent is used to break the cell membranes open.
An enzyme is used to cut the DNA strands into segments.
DNA is removed by using a centrifuge to separate the heavier cell part away from it.
DNA is placed in a solution for electrophoresis.
Refer student to Skill List 35-1 Extracting DNA, Skill List 35-2 Preparing Agarose Gel for Electrophoresis, and Skill List 35-3 Using A Micropipette.
Discuss the process of electrophoresis, and have students review Figure 35-2.

42. Electrophoresis
FIGURE 35-2 Electrophoresis is used to separate DNA fragments.

43. Summary
The function of the biotechnology team is to apply scientific and engineering techniques to the manipulation of genes.
The role of the biotechnologist is to use gene manipulation to improve animal and plant products.

44. Summary
The structure of DNA is a double helix. It provides the genetic blueprint for making proteins. It replicates by splitting in half, making two strands, and then duplicating each strand.
Three research techniques used by biotechnologists are gene cloning, gene splicing, and gene therapy.

45. Review Biotechnology refers to:
a. The study of the manipulation of the genes of living organisms
b. The study of methods for controlling human characteristics
c. The study of artificial insemination
d. Pertaining to new origins

46. Review Biotechnology refers to:
a. The study of the manipulation of the genes of living organisms
b. The study of methods for controlling human characteristics
c. The study of artificial insemination
d. Pertaining to new origins

47. Review
Assistants in biotechnology usually have a: a. Bachelor’s degree b. Master’s degree c. 2-Year associate’s degree d. Doctorate e. 2-Year associate’s degree and on-the-job training

48. Review
Assistants in biotechnology usually have a: a. Bachelor’s degree b. Master’s degree c. 2-Year associate’s degree d. Doctorate e. 2-Year associate’s degree and on-the-job training