1. Managing the Cloud

2. Cloud computing deployments must be monitored and managed in order to be optimized for best performance.
Cloud management software provides capabilities for managing faults, configuration, accounting, performance, and security; this is referred to as FCAPS.
DMTF's (Distributed Management Task Force) Open Cloud Standards Incubator.

3. These fundamental features are offered by traditional network management systems:
Administration of resources
Configuring resources
Enforcing security
Monitoring operations
Optimizing performance
Policy management
Performing maintenance
Provisioning of resources

4. Network management systems acronym FCAPS
Fault Configuration Accounting Performance Security

5. Fault Management
A fault is an event that has a negative significance. The goal of fault management is to recognize, isolate, correct and log faults that occur in the network. It also uses trend analysis to predict errors so that the network is always available. This can be established by monitoring different things for abnormal behavior.
When a fault or event occurs, a network component will often send a notification to the network operator using either a proprietary or open protocol such as SNMP (such as HP OpenView or Sun Solstice–formerly Net Manager), to collect information about network devices or at least write a message to its console for a console server to catch and log/page. In turn, the management station can be configured to make a network administrator aware of problems (by , paging, or on-screen messages), allowing appropriate action to be taken. This notification is supposed to trigger manual or automatic activities. For example, the gathering of more data to identify the nature and severity of the problem or to bring backup equipment on-line.

6. Configuration Management
The goals of  Configuration Management include:
to gather and store configurations from network devices (this can be done locally or remotely).
to simplify the configuration of the device
to track changes that are made to the configuration
to configure ('provision') circuits or paths through non-switched networks
to plan for future expansion and scaling

7. Accounting Management
The goal is to gather usage statistics for users.
Accounting management is concerned with tracking network utilization information, such that individual users, departments, or business units can be appropriately billed or charged for accounting purposes. While this may not be applicable to all companies, in many larger organizations, the IT department is considered a cost center that accrues revenues according to resource utilization by individual departments or business units.
For non-billed networks, "administration" replaces "accounting". The goals of administration are to administer the set of authorized users by establishing users, passwords, and permissions, and to administer the operations of the equipment such as by performing software backup and synchronization.
Accounting is often referred to as billing management. Using the statistics, the users can be billed and usage quotas can be enforced. These can be disk usage, link utilization, CPU time, etc.

8. Performance Management
Performance management is focused on ensuring that network performance remains at acceptable levels. It enables the manager to prepare the network for the future, as well as to determine the efficiency of the current network.
The network performance addresses the throughput, network response times, packet loss rates, link utilization, percentage utilization, error rates and so forth.

9. Security Management
Security management is the process of controlling access to assets in the network.
Security management is not only concerned with ensuring that a network environment is secure, but also that gathered security-related information is analyzed regularly.
Security management functions include managing network authentication, authorization, and auditing, such that both internal and external users only have access to appropriate network resources.
Other common tasks include the configuration and management of network firewalls, intrusion detection systems, and security policies

10. Billing is on a pay-as-you-go basis.
Management Responsibilities What separates a network management package from a cloud computing management package is the “cloudly” characteristics that cloud management service must have:
Billing is on a pay-as-you-go basis.
The management service is extremely scalable.
The management service is ubiquitous.
Communication between the cloud and other systems uses cloud networking standards.

11. To monitor an entire cloud computing deployment stack, you monitor six different categories:
1. End-user services such as HTTP, TCP, POP3/SMTP, and others
2. Browser performance on the client
3. Application monitoring in the cloud, such as Apache, MySQL, and so on
4. Cloud infrastructure monitoring of services such as Amazon Web Services, GoGrid, Rackspace and others
5. Machine instance monitoring where the service measures processor utilization, memory usage, disk consumption, queue lengths, and other important parameters
6. Network monitoring and discovery using standard protocols like the Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP), Configuration Management Database (CMDB), Windows Management Instrumentation (WMI)

12. two aspects to cloud management:
Managing resources in the cloud
Using the cloud to manage resources on-premises

13. • Create a new application, and set it up in your domain.
When you deploy an application on Google's PaaS App Engine cloud service, the Administration Console provides you with the following monitoring capabilities:
• Create a new application, and set it up in your domain.
• Invite other people to be part of developing your application.
• View data and error logs.
• Analyze your network traffic.
• Browse the application datastore, and manage its indexes.
• View the application's scheduled tasks.
• Test the application, and swap out versions

14. Management responsibilities by service model type

15. Lifecycle management
1. The definition of the service as a template for creating instances
Tasks performed in Phase 1 include the creation, updating, and deletion of service templates.
2. Client interactions with the service, usually through an SLA (Service Level Agreement) contract
This phase manages client relationships and creates and manages service contracts.
3. The deployment of an instance to the cloud and the runtime management of instances
Tasks performed in Phase 3 include the creation, updating, and deletion of service offerings.
4. The definition of the attributes of the service while in operation and performance of modifications of its properties
The chief task during this management phase is to perform service optimization and customization.
5. Management of the operation of instances and routine maintenance
During Phase 5, you must monitor resources, track and respond to events, and perform reporting and billing functions.
6. Retirement of the service
End of life tasks include data protection and system migration, archiving, and service contract termination.

16. The core management features offered by most cloud management service products include the following:
• Support of different cloud types
• Creation and provisioning of different types of cloud resources, such as machine instances, storage, or staged applications
• Performance reporting including availability and uptime, response time, resource quota usage, and other characteristics
• The creation of dashboards that can be customized for a particular client's needs

17. Emerging Cloud Management Standards
DMTF cloud management standards
DMTF has created a working group called the Open Cloud Standards Incubator (OCSI) to help develop interoperability standards for managing interactions between and in public, private, and hybrid cloud systems.
The group is focused on describing resource management and security protocols, packaging methods, and network management technologies.

18. The Service Measurement Index (SMI) is based on a set of measurement technologies forming the SMI
It measures cloud-based services in six areas:
Agility
Capability
Cost
Quality
Risk
Security

20. Understanding Cloud Security

21. Securing the Cloud
Areas of cloud computing that were uniquely troublesome:
• Auditing
• Data integrity
• e-Discovery for legal compliance
• Privacy
• Recovery
• Regulatory compliance

22. In order to evaluate your risks, you need to perform the following analysis:
1. Determine which resources (data, services, or applications) you are planning to move to the cloud.
2. Determine the sensitivity of the resource to risk. Risks that need to be evaluated are loss of privacy, unauthorized access by others, loss of data, and interruptions in availability.
3. Determine the risk associated with the particular cloud type for a resource. Cloud types include public, private (both external and internal), hybrid, and shared community types. With each type, you need to consider where data and functionality will be maintained.

23. . Take into account the particular cloud service model that you will be using. Different models such as IaaS, SaaS, and PaaS require their customers to be responsible for security at different levels of the service stack.
5. If you have selected a particular cloud service provider, you need to evaluate its system to understand how data is transferred, where it is stored, and how to move data both in and out of the cloud.

24. The security boundary
Security service boundary

26. Securing Data
These are the key mechanisms for protecting data mechanisms:
• Access control
• Auditing
• Authentication
• Authorization

27. Brokered cloud storage access
Under this system, when a client makes a request for data, here's what happens:
1. The request goes to the external service interface (or endpoint) of the proxy, which has only a partial trust.
2. The proxy, using its internal interface, forwards the request to the broker.
3. The broker requests the data from the cloud storage system.
4. The storage system returns the results to the broker.
5. The broker returns the results to the proxy.
6. The proxy completes the response by sending the data requested to the client.

30. Establishing Identity and Presence
Cloud computing requires the following:
• That you establish an identity
• That the identity be authenticated
• That the authentication be portable
• That authentication provide access to cloud resources