1. Byzantine Art

2. Four F’s and a G
The term byzantine refers to the eastern Christian empire, but the Byzantines called and thought of themselves as Romans. Hieratic means stylized, rigid, and formulaic. When looking at Byzantine art, we will see a standard formula for portraying the human figure:
FORMAL (expressionless and emotionless)
FRONTAL (facing front and stiff)
FLAT (no modeling or depth)
FLOATING (no sense of ground or perspective)
GOLD
In architecture, the major development is the use of pendentives and squinches to support domes. These innovations allow for lofty domed ceilings (like the Pantheon), without a solid cylindrical base. Byzantine architecture also features the heavy use of mosaics and gold. Most Byzantine structures have rich, multi-layered surfaces, lending an almost gaudy aesthetic to the interiors.
The Emperor Justinian and his wife Theodora are the most important historical figures in this segment. Pay close attention to their portraits.

4. Justinian as world conqueror (Barberini Ivory)
mid-6th century ivory 1 ft. 1 1/2 in. x 10 1/2 in.
Justinian as world conqueror (Barberini Ivory)
mid-6th century ivory 1 ft. 1 1/2 in. x 10 1/2 in.

5. Justinian as world conqueror (Barberini Ivory)
mid-6th century ivory 1 ft. 1 1/2 in. x 10 1/2 in.
Justinian as world conqueror (Barberini Ivory)
mid-6th century ivory 1 ft. 1 1/2 in. x 10 1/2 in.

6. Anthemius of Tralles & Isidorus of Miletus Hagia Sophia
Constantinpole, (Istanbul), Turkey
Anthemius of Tralles & Isidorus of Miletus
Hagia Sophia
Constantinpole, (Istanbul), Turkey
Minarets are not original

7. Anthemius of Tralles & Isidorus of Miletus Hagia Sophia
Constantinpole, (Istanbul), Turkey
Anthemius of Tralles & Isidorus of Miletus
Hagia Sophia
Constantinpole, (Istanbul), Turkey

8. Anthemius of Tralles & Isidorus of Miletus Hagia Sophia
Cross-Section
Anthemius of Tralles & Isidorus of Miletus
Hagia Sophia
Constantinpole, (Istanbul), Turkey
Anthemius of Tralles & Isidorus of Miletus
Hagia Sophia
Constantinpole, (Istanbul), Turkey
Plan

9. Anthemius of Tralles & Isidorus of Miletus Hagia Sophia
Constantinpole, (Istanbul), Turkey
Anthemius of Tralles & Isidorus of Miletus
Hagia Sophia
Constantinpole, (Istanbul), interior

10. Anthemius of Tralles & Isidorus of Miletus Hagia Sophia interior
Dome was designed to look like it was floating on a halo of light.
What innovations made this possible?
Anthemius of Tralles & Isidorus of Miletus
Hagia Sophia
Constantinpole, (Istanbul), Turkey
Anthemius of Tralles & Isidorus of Miletus
Hagia Sophia
interior

12. San Vitale
Ravenna, Italy

13. San Vitale Ravenna, Italy 526-547
This central-planned church is unique because of its octagonal shape.
San Vitale
Ravenna, Italy

14. San Vitale
Ravenna, Italy

15. San Vitale
Ravenna, Italy

16. Apse Mosaic San Vitale Ravenna, Italy 526-547 mosaic
Do you see the Four F’s?
Apse Mosaic San Vitale
Ravenna, Italy
mosaic

17. Caesaropapism Corpus iuris civilis
Is this scene propagandistic? What message is being conveyed, and about whom?
Caesaropapism
Corpus iuris civilis
Justinian, Bishop Maximianus and attendants
north wall apse mosaic, San Vitale
Ravenna, Italy
ca. 547 mosaic

18. Theodora and attendants south wall apse mosaic, San Vitale
Ravenna, Italy
ca. 547 mosaic

19. Artists within a culture often use depictions of ancestors, siblings, couples, or other types of family groupings to communicate larger social, political, mythical, and historical concerns.
Select and fully identify two works, in any medium, that represent family groupings or relationships. The works should come from two different cultures. At least one of the two examples must be from beyond the European tradition. Discuss the specific cultural concerns the work communicates and analyze the visual means used to communicate those concerns.

20. Virgin (Theotokos) and Child between Saints Theodore and George, icon
You should understand the following words:
Icon
Iconoclasm
iconostasis
Virgin (Theotokos) and Child between Saints Theodore and George, icon
6th or early 7th century encaustic on wood 2 ft. 3 in. x 1 ft. 7 3/8 in.

21. Virgin (Theotokos) and Child enthroned Apse mosaic, Hagia Sophia

22. Ascension of Christ Rabbula Gospels
From Zagba, Syria
586 tempera on vellum 1 ft. 1 in. x 10 1/2 in.

24. Katholikon and Church of the Theotokos Hosios Loukas, Greece
Katholikon early 11th century, Church of the Theotokos, 10th century

25. Katholikon and Church of the Theotokos Hosios Loukas, Greece
Katholikon early 11th century, Church of the Theotokos, 10th century

26. Apse of the Katholikon
Hosios Loukas, Greece
11th century mosaic

27. Dome of the Katholikon Hosios Loukas, Greece 11th century fresco
Christ as Pantocrator
Dome of the Katholikon
Hosios Loukas, Greece
11th century fresco

28. Dome of the Katholikon
Hosios Loukas, Greece
11th century fresco

29. Nativity of Christ Katholikon Hosios Loukas, Greece
11th century mosaic

30. Crucifixion in the Church of the Dormition Daphni, Greece
ca mosaic

32. Saint Mark’s Cathedral Venice, Italy
begun 1063

33. Saint Mark’s Cathedral Venice, Italy
begun 1063

34. interior of Saint Mark’s Cathedral Venice, Italy
ca mosaic

35. From west vault of Saint Mark’s Cathedral Venice, Italy
Anastasis
From west vault of Saint Mark’s Cathedral
Venice, Italy
ca mosaic

36. Pala d’Oro from Saint Mark’s Cathedral
Archangel
Pala d’Oro from Saint Mark’s Cathedral
Venice, Italy
ca gold cloisonné with precious stones

37. Hodegetria, icon
ca tempera on wood
Front
Back

38. Christ enthroned with Saints (Harbaville Triptych)
ca. 950 ivory 9 1/2 in. x 5 1/2 in. high

39. David composing the Psalms Paris Psalter
ca tempera on vellum 14 1/8 in. x 10 1/4 in.

40. Anastasis apse fresco in parekklision of the Church of Christ in Chora
Mandorla: football shaped halo that signifies the Transfiguration
Anastasis apse fresco in parekklision of the Church of Christ in Chora
Constantinpole, (Istanbul), Turkey
ca fresco

41. Virgin (Theotokos) and Child, icon
Late 11th to early 12th century tempera on wood 2 ft. 6 1/2 in. x 1 ft. 9 in.

42. Iconostasis