2. Bell Ringer Revolutions (thoughts or actions) begin with questions.
What do the words Revolution and Enlightenment mean? What are their root words?
Why might people have difficulty accepting new ideas or new ways of thinking?
Enlightenment thinkers asked questions about religion, science and authority. One question led to another until their world was turned upside down.
Look for these questions as you read Chapter 6.

3. Middle Age View vs. Scientific Revolution
Middle Ages- Ancient Greek and Roman texts or the Bible were the basis of science.
Tradition & Church teachings viewed as facts
Things are a certain way because that is God intended!
Ex. -World is flat, Earth is center of the universe.
Religious Dogma: Ideas originating with pagan Greek philosophers were incorporated into the Catholic church and became dogma. To challenge this view of the universe was to challenge, not only science, but theology.

4. Middle Age View vs. Scientific Revolution
Age of the Renaissance, Reformation, Exploration and……….. the SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION!
Mid 1600’s – Early 1800’s
European explorers discovered new lands, peoples, plants & animals thus Europeans knew there were unknowns to be discovered.
New technologies in exploration & new approaches in learning led to the Scientific Revolution.
“Age of Reason” has begun! (Based on observation & questioning accepted beliefs)
Developments in astronomy, physics, chemistry, and biology.
The printing press spread these ideas rapidly!

5. Scientific Thought in 1500 The Aristotle/Ptolemy Universe
Geocentric
Earth was center of the universe placed their by God
moon, sun, planets, stars moved around Earth
Heaven lay beyond the 10th sphere (orbit)
Angels kept the spheres moving
The Church invested greatly in this world-view
The Church invested greatly in this world-view: put man in the center of the universe, most important part of God’s creation
The Ptolemaic Universe : Ideas about uniform circular motion and epicycles were catalogued by Ptolemy in 150 A.D. in his book the Almagest.

6. Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543)
Polish monk
Observed patterns of star & planet movement
On the Revolutions of Celestial Bodies (1543)
Heliocentric Theory
Called into question the literal truth of the Scriptures
Copernicus waited until he was near death to publish his findings
Called into question the literal truth of the Scriptures. There are a few passages where God, for example, makes the sun stand still. This implies that the earth is still and the sun moves around it.
The major change in astronomy was that people accepted the theory proposed by Nicolaus Copernicus’ ( ) that the sun rather than the earth was the center of the universe.

7. The Heliocentric (Copernican) Universe

8. Astronomers & Mathematicians Back up Copernicus
Tycho Brahe- Studied planetary movements for years and recorded data backing up the theory.
Johannes Kepler, a German mathematician, who went to Prague to become Brahe's assistant, realized that the orbits of the planets were not circles but ellipses

9. Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) Italian scientist Improved the telescope
Made observations about the planets, moons, sunspots
Wrote in the vernacular
Church is very upset!
Among observations: moons of Jupiter, that is that there are planets with their own satellites: this also goes against the conception of perfect crystal spheres.
Galileo Galilei ( ) proved the Copernican theory with his telescope, challenged Aristotle's universe and its theological-philosophical worldview, and laid the foundations for dynamics (how objects move on the earth) & gravity.

10. Sunspots
Galileo observed sunspots that moved, indicating that the Sun was rotating on an axis and that it was not made from a perfect, unchanging substance.
He observed four points of light that changed their positions around the planet Jupiter and concluded that they were moons circling the planet as it moved around its orbit. .

12. Letter to the Grand Duchess Christina of Tuscany (1615)
Written to address the conflict between the Bible & heliocentric theory
Argued that the Bible must be interpreted in light of scientific knowledge
Argued for a non-literal interpretation of the Bible
Galileo declared the Bible teaches how to go to heaven, not how the heavens go
The letter began Galileo’s troubles with the Catholic Church
1633 – Church forced Galileo to recant; placed under house arrest

13. Galileo's challenge of the Church's authority got him into deep trouble with the Inquisition. Late in his life, he was forced to recant his Copernican views publicly.

14. As you read the Indictment of Galileo, answer the following questions:
What is the church accusing Galileo of doing?
According to the last sentence, what is the church asking Galileo to do?
Based on the reading, what do you think the words indictment and abjure mean?
Make a prediction about how Galileo might respond to the church’s request.

15. As you read Galileo’s Abjuration, answer the following questions:
What does Galileo admit to doing?
What does he ultimately agree to?
Why do you think Galileo abjured?

16. Roger Bacon Rene Descartes
Thought medieval thinkers relied on the thoughts of the Ancients.
Experimental Method
only true source of knowledge
Helped lead the development of the Scientific Method
“I think, therefore I am”
He doubted everything until proved by mathematics, reason and logic
Descartes wished to develop a method that could be used to yield scientific truth
Cogito ergo sum was one of Descartes’ “axioms”, that is, certain and self-evident truths that other truths could then be deduced from using a deductive method.

18. Sir Isaac Newton ( ) By age 26, Newton demonstrated that the motion of objects on the Earth could be described by three new Laws of Motion and the Universal Law of Gravitation.

19. When he observed an apple fall from a tree, Newton thought: The apple is accelerated as it moves from the tree toward the ground. There must be a force that acts on the apple to cause this acceleration. Let's call the force gravity. If the force of gravity reaches to the top of the highest tree, might it not reach even further to the orbit of the Moon. Then, the orbit of the Moon about the Earth could be a consequence of the gravitational force.

20. Newton’s First Law of Motion: An object in motion tends to stay in motion and an object at rest tends to stay at rest, unless the object is acted upon by an outside force

21. Free Fall
Air Resistance
Newton’s Second Law of Motion: The acceleration of an object is directly pro-portional to the net force acting upon it and inversely proportional to its mass.

22. Newton’s Third Law of Motion: Every action has an equal and opposite reaction.

23. Chemistry: The Discovery of Elements of Nature
The Englishman Robert Boyle ( ) –
Father of Modern Chemistry
discovery that the arrangement of atoms determines the characteristics of matter.
Volume, temperature and gas affect each other.

24. Health / Anatomy
In biology, William Harvey ( ) accurately demonstrated how blood circulates through the human body.
Late 1700’s – Edward Jenner developed vaccine for smallpox

25. Scientific Instruments
Zacharias Janssen – Dutch eyeglass maker created the 1st microscope.
Gabriel Fahrenheit (German physicist) and Anders Celsius (Swedish astronomer) individually made the 1st mercury thermometers.
Evangelista Torricelli – Created the 1st mercury barometer (air pressure; helps predict weather)

26. Effects of the Scientific Revolution
Skepticism and Independent Reasoning:
For example, Descartes reached the extreme of skepticism by doubting his own existence. Then, he realized that his own act of thinking proved his own existence (I think, therefore, I am.)
Challenges to Religion: After the Revolution, God was viewed by many as either a remote “master mechanic”, or his existence began to be doubted. Began long adversarial relationship between science and religion
Questions about Humanity's Role in the Universe: By making humans the inhabitants of a tiny planet circling the sun, the Copernican Universe reduced the importance of humanity. It led people to begin to question the place of humanity in creation. Contributions of these scientists made the universe comprehensible for the first time
Gave Humanity Control of Nature: Some philosophers argued that by gaining knowledge of the laws of nature, people could control nature. Through science and technology, they could improve human life.
Challenges to Established Views of Women: The new scientific ideas challenged the ancient and medieval beliefs about the physical and mental inferiority of women. Nevertheless, traditional notions about women continued to dominate
Foundation Laid for the Enlightenment to Begin: Religion, superstition and fear were replaced by reason and knowledge. Philosophers begin to question accepted ideas of government and society.