1. Revolution and Enlightenment
Chapter 10 Section 1

2. Causes of the Scientific Revolution
Before SR, Aristotle called the shots
The Renaissance
Scholars learned Latin and Greek
A Few began to question the old ways

3. New Technology New problems required observation and measurement
New instruments
Telescope and microscope
Printing Press
Mathematics
New advancements in Math
Algebra
Geometry

4. Scientific Breakthroughs

7. The Ptolemaic System Geocentric Theory
Earth was unmoving object at center of universe
Moon, sun, and planets move around earth
Beyond planets lay sphere of fixed stars
Heaven far beyond sphere

8. How could you believe this?
Aristotle in 4th century B.C.
Ptolemy in 2nd century AD

9. Christianity supported theory
God created Man
Man is most important creation
Man is at the center
To disagree is Blasphemy
Blasphemy is bad

10. Heliocentric Theory Nicolaus Copernicus
On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Bodies
Stars, earth, and planets revolve around the Sun
Contradicted religious views
Feared ridicule and persecution
Didn’t publish findings until year before he died

12. Johannes Kepler Laws of Planetary Motion Kepler’s First Law
Planetary orbits are elliptical
Sun at end of ellipse, not center

13. Galileo Galilei Used telescope to observe planets The Starry Messenger
Destroyed idea of heavenly objects as orbs of light

14. Problems with the Church
Catholic Church ordered Galileo to abandon his ideas
Threatened concept of the universe
Humans no longer center of universe
God no longer in specific place

15. Galileo frightens Catholic and Protestant leaders
Publicly silent but continues working
1632 –Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems
Showed Galileo supported Copernicus’ theory
Pope summoned him to Rome to stand trial

16. 1633 – reads confession
Threatened w/torture
Agreed ideas of Copernicus were false
Lived under house arrest
Dies

17. Newton’s View of the Universe
Wrote Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy – the Principia
Laws of Motion
Universal Law of Gravitation
World-Machine concept

18. Law of Universal Gravitation
Every object in universe attracts every other object
Degree of attraction depends on mass and distance between them
What’s it mean?

19. Philosophy and Reason Rene Descartes Inspired by Scientific Revolution
Doubt and uncertainty everywhere
Doubt inspired learning
Cannot doubt existence
“I think, therefore I am”
Mind cannot be doubted
Body and material world
can be

20. Mind and matter are completely separate
Mind cannot be doubted
Body and material world can be
Mind and matter are completely separate
Matter should be viewed as detached from the mind
Investigated by reason
What does this all mean?
Reason is chief source of knowledge

21. Bacon and the Scientific Method
Scientists should not rely on ancient authority
Scientific Method
Step-by-step, repeatable process for collecting and analyzing data

22. Developed by Francis Bacon
Believed in use of inductive reasoning
Specific to the general
Free of opinion
Start with facts and proceed to general principles
Goal was to advance human life with new discoveries
Science could benefit industry, agriculture and trade

23. Breakthroughs in Medicine
Galen – Greek physician in A.D. 100s
Teachings dominated Middle Ages
Based on animal dissection
16th Century scientists change ideas

24. Medicine and the Human Body
Andreas Vesalius
Dissected human corpses
On the Fabric of the Human Body
Filled w/detailed drawings of organs, bones, and muscle

25. William Harvey
On the Motion of the Heart and Blood in America
Heart acts as pump to circulate blood throughout the body

26. Breakthroughs in Chemistry
Robert Boyle
First scientist to conduct controlled experiments in chemistry
Relationship between volume and pressure of gases
Antoine Levoisier
System for naming chemical elements
Founder of Modern Chemistry

27. Contributions of Women
Scholarship was considered the domain of men
Women belong at home with the children

28. Margaret Cavendish
Criticized belief that humans, through science, were the masters of nature

29. Women could be astronomers in Germany
Worked with fathers and husbands
Maria Winkelmann
Assisted her husband
Discovered her own comet
Denied astronomy post at Berlin Acadamy
They felt members would be appalled