1. The Scientific Revolution
What do you know about the Scientific Revolution?

2. Key Advancements Accurate measurements for ships
New instruments were created
Telescope
Microscope
Challenged conception of universe
Printing press
Rediscovery of mathematics
Galileo's Telescope ->

3. Early Thinkers Early thinkers were known as “natural philosophers”
Later thinkers relied on their scientific knowledge
Renaissance thinkers recovered works from Ptolemy, Archimedes, and Plato
Aristotle: Greek Philosopher and Scientist. Wrote books on everything. Was the authority on everything

4. Ptolemy 100 AD-170 AD (approx) From Egypt
Combined his own ideas with the Church’s and Aristotle’s
Created the Ptolemaic system
Series of Concentric Circles (series of circles in one another)
Earth does not move
“Prime Mover” 10th circle, moved by itself and moved all other spheres
Humans were at the center of universe, God was was at one end
“The Travelers” Planets travel in epicycles (small circles) as they orbit
Earth, Moon, Mercury, Venus, Sun, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn
Thought solar system was “Geocentric” (Earth Centered)

5. Heliocentric Vs Geocentric Models

6. Nicholas Copernicus Native of Poland Born 1473; Died 1543
1543 “On the Revolutions on the Heavenly Spheres”
Originally a mathematician
Thought Ptolemaic system was too complicated
Believed solar system was Heliocentric
(Sun Centered)
Sun, Moon, Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn
Moon revolved around the Earth
Earth also rotates on an axis and journeyed around the sun every year

7. Reaction To Copernicus
Rejected
Went against the Church and Ptolemy
Called for earth to be rotating on an axis
If Ptolemy was wrong, then what else did we get wrong?

8. Gif of how planets orbited

9. Tycho Brahe 1546-1601 Born in Denmark Believed in Heliocentric system
Originally studied law
Worked for the king
Documented the stars
Challenged Ptolemy's theory with his star charts
Observatory at Uraniborg
Tried to create a new model that did not fit Geo and Heliocentric models (Tychonic Model)
Bladder Explosion

10. Johannes Kepler 1571- 1630 German mathematician Moved to Uraniborg
Assistant to Brahe
Often fought with one another
Supported Copernicus’s Heliocentric theory
Used Brahe’s data to create “Laws of Planetary Motion”

11. Kepler Continued
Used Brahe’s data to create “Laws of Planetary Motion”
1st law: showed orbits were not circular, but were elliptical (egg shaped)
2nd Law: Orbital speed changes with distance from the sun
3rd Law: Length of time for planet to orbit sun increases with the radius of planets orbit
This 1st law contradicted circular orbit theories
Epitome of Copernican Astronomy was used after his death to spread his ideas

12. Galileo Galilei 1564-1642 Taught Mathematics First to use a telescope
1610 Published “Starry Messenger” First thing published when looking through telescope
Discovered Mountains on the moon,Jupiter's moons, and sunspots
Said stars were material substance and not heavenly borders

13. Church's reaction 1616 Church announced him as a heretic
Told not to “hold, teach, or defend copernican theory”
Listened for 7 years
1632 summoned to Rome for trial
Forced to defend himself-he was 68 and dying
Found guilty of heresy and disobedience
Put on a form of house arrest in 1633
By 1630’s and 40’s Copernican theory was accepted despite recanting of statements

14. Church's reaction
“The view that the Sun stands motionless at the center of the universe is foolish, philosophically false, and utterly heretical, because contrary to the holy scripture”
His findings were finally allowed to be published in their entirety in 1758
In 1835 the Church stopped its opposition of Heliocentrism

15. Isaac Newton 1642 Born in England Cambridge University
“Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy” known as Principia
1st book of Principia he explains Universal Law of Gravitation
Explains why planets don’t wander off/ travel in straight lines
3 Laws of Motion
A body at rest stays at rest
Acceleration is caused by force
For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction

16. Advances in Medicine Robert Boyle Chemist Worked on gases
Created Boyle's Law
Volume of gas varies with pressure exerted on it
(More pressure; less volume)

17. Andreas Vesalius Anatomist On the Fabric on the Human Body
Accurate measurements of organs

18. William Harvey On the Motion of the Heart and Blood
Showed the heart is starting point for circulation
Only 1 type of blood in the body
Showed how blood circulates

19. Reasoning Rene Descartes Wrote on Doubt and uncertainty
Stressed the importance of the mind
“I think therefore I am”
Father of Realism
Realism: System of thought based on the belief that reason is chief source of knowledge

20. Scientific Method
A systematic procedure for collecting and analyzing data
Francis Bacon
Inductive reasoning
Emphasis on experimentation
Considered father of scientific method