1. Unit 5: Struggle for Control (1670 – 1774)
Topics Discussed in this Unit:
Conflict: Britain vs. France
Fur Country
The Atlantic
Three Pronged Attack
Battle on the Plains of Abraham
British Military
Proclamation Act 1763
Quebec Act 1774

2. Overview Activity Turn to Pg. 58 and 59 Look at the Pictures
Read as a class
Discuss

3. Britain vs. France Turn to Pg. 61 Read the first two paragraphs
Complete first page of Worksheet 1 as a class

4. Fur Trade: French vs. British – Pg. 62/3
Britain & HBC 1670
Interested in business first
Set up forts around the Bay and waited for Native people to come
Cheap and easy
France
Travelled deep into the interior
Expensive and time consuming
Developed great relationships
France colonized to fund the fur trade; Britain did not at first
Aboriginal Fur trade, Saskatchewan July 1690

5. Frontenac Expands – Pg. 62/3
Governor Frontenac expands the French fur trade into the Ohio and Mississippi Valley
By the 1730s, France expanded and established trading forts closer to the Native people
Allowed them to cut-off British fur traders

6. French take Military Action – Pg. 62/3
Between 1679 – 1713 the French attack the British to gain control of Rupert’s Land
Both countries are unable to take full control
Treaty of Utrecht 1713 – Rupert’s Land to Britain
The French with their native allies attack the British in Rupert’s Land March 1711

7. The Battle for the Atlantic

8. The Battle for the Atlantic
Acadia and Newfoundland were very good fishing areas
Strategic location: control access of the St. Lawrence River and Quebec
After the Treaty of Utrecht 1713, Britain was given Acadia and Newfoundland

9. The Battle for the Atlantic – Louisbourg
To fix problems of the Treaty of Utrecht
Looked to Ille Royale (Cape Breton Island) for fishing and military strength
Began to construct Louisbourg: a military fort considered indestructible

10. The Battle for the Atlantic – Louisbourg
1745 – Britain successful in taking it because it was surrounded by hills, allowing them to attack from above
Forced to return in 1748 (treaty in Europe)
Now the French, and British knew the fort could be taken

11. Important Locations and Treaties
Newfoundland-was an important fishing area given to the British in 1713
Ils Royale-New French fishing area after 1713 and the location of Louisbourg
Louisbourg-French military fortress
Acadia-French farming colony in the Atlantic that was given to the British in 1713
Halifax-British military fort created to protect the people of the 13 colonies
Important Treaties:
Treaty of Utrecht: signed in 1713-gave British the rights to Rupert’s Land, Newfoundland, and Acadia
Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle: signed in 1748, gave Louisbourg back to the French
Treaty of Paris: signed in 1763, gave all French territory in North America to the British.
(except for the two small islands of St. Pierre and Maquelon)

12. Acadians Refuse the Oath of Allegiance
1713: Britain took control of Acadia
Britain gave the French people of Acadia a choice to sign an Oath of Allegiance or face deportation
An Oath meant they had to support the British in future wars against the French
They wished to remain neutral
Acadian Leader refusing to sign the oath of allegiance

13. What should the British do?
1750s, another war coming
Governor Lawrence
Too dangerous to leave Acadia, while the British fought against the French
1754: Gave them one more year to decide
1755
Acadians refuse
Governor issues deportation order
Governor Lawrence informing the Acadians of their deportation, 1754

14. Acadians Deported, 1755
Most sent back to France, some escaped to Louisiana and Cape Breton Island
The British Army
Burned homes
Took homes
Killed Acadians
Acadians deported
Britain now free to sail up the St. Lawrence River
British ships take the rest of the Acadians into exile,

15. Three-Pronged Attack – Pg. 70

16. Three-Pronged Attack – Pg.70
In 1756, the Seven Years War started in Europe
As with earlier wars, this effected the French and British colonization in North America
Britain wanted to win quickly in NA They brought 8 times more than the French
The French thought the war in Europe was more important
Britain begins its attack!
Louisbourg
Ohio Valley
Quebec

17. 1. Capture of Louisbourg – Pg.70
Britain attacked Louisbourg in 1758
Goals
Weaken the French military
Take control of the St. Lawrence River
Freely sail up the river to attack Quebec
Gained the high ground
Took control in less than 60 days
Louisbourg almost completely destroyed 1758

18. 2. Capturing the Ohio Valley – Pg.70
Britain wanted to deal with the large number of French in the Ohio Valley before taking Quebec
Worried about having French traders at their backs
Once Louisbourg was taken, it was easy to push the French out

19. 3. Capture of Quebec– Pg.71
Quebec was the centre of French power in NA
General James Wolfe led the British army up the St. Lawrence River and attacked
Unsuccessful for 3 months
Wolfe decided to attack from upriver (better location) to cut off Quebec’s supplies

20. Battle on the Plains of Abraham - 72
Wolfe Landing at the Plains of Abraham, September, 1759
Wolfe hoped to split the French army and force them to fight in the open plains
Sailed up the St. Lawrence River near the Plains of Abraham

21. Battle on the Plains of Abraham - 72
Britain’s success for 2 reasons:
French not used to fighting in the open fields; more comfortable fighting in the forests
French army was split
French General, Marquis de Montcalm sent his troops to two different locations
Sept – Quebec falls
1760 – Montreal surrenders
1763 Treaty of Paris signed
Hands over most of the French territory in NA to Britain
Fighting on the Plains of Abraham September, 1759

22. British Military Rule 1760 – 63 – Pg. 78/9
Quebec ruled by a military government (1760 – 1763)
British King was still busy fighting in Europe
No big changes, but time of great uncertainty for the French people remaining in Quebec (Canadiens)
Will they be deported like the Acadians?
New France lost its main political, business, and religious leaders who returned to France
Much of French daily life maintained

23. Treaty of Paris 1763
France gives up all of its possessions in New France and Acadia
France keeps two small islands:
St. Pierre
Miquelon
Ended French influence in North America
Led to the Royal Proclamation of 1763

24. Options Opened to the British
After the Treaty of Paris, the British have to deal with a large population of the French in Quebec. What do you think they should they do ?

25. Options Opened to the British
Deportation
Force the French to leave Quebec
Maintain the Status Quo
Allow French to keep their way of life
Isolation
Give the French people a new area of land

26. Options Opened to the British
4. Assimilation
Force the French to become British
5. Biculturalism
Have a colony where both French and British cultures exist

27. Proclamation Act 1763 – Pg. 82 Aims: Assimilation: make Quebec British
Laws, customs, language, religion
Attract British settlers
Limit the size of Quebec
Cut the Montreal fur traders out of the Western market
Reassure the Native people that their Ohio Valley territory would be protected

28. Proclamation Act 1763 – Pg. 82 Why?
Wanted to keep the British people in Quebec loyal
Realized the Natives were unhappy because many people from the Thirteen Colonies were moving into their land
Key Items
Settlement in the Ohio and Mississippi valley forbidden
French language and Roman Catholicism allowed

29. The Quebec Act 1774 – Pg. 84
Aim:
Biculturalism: allow French and British ways of life
Wanted to gain the loyalty of the Canadiens (French-speaking Canadians)
Language:
French language allowed
Religion:
Roman Catholic Church allowed to continue and collect taxes
Boundaries enlarged to include the fur
trading areas of Ohio and Mississippi

30. The Quebec Act 1774 – Pg. 84 Government:
Quebec ruled by an appointed British governor and an appointed council
Roman Catholics allowed in government positions
French civil law
English criminal law
Land Holding System:
Seigneurial system remains – similar to the British freehold system
Boundaries enlarged to include the fur
trading areas of Ohio and Mississippi