1. LECTURE 9 Chasing Relativistic Particles
Not timed
Instructor: Shih-Chieh Hsu

2. Announcement Final Report This Thursday 9:20am Each person has 7.5mins
Remember the structure of the talk
What
Why
Who
When
Where
Results
Discussion

3. The CMS Masterclass
Successful teamwork last week

4. The CMS Masterclass Discussions
the W+/W- ratio.
the e/μ ratio.
the mass of the Z and other particles with similar decays from the statistical combination in a mass plot.
How are our masterclass results compared to actual Higgs discovery?
Detector/Physics/Analysis

5. Elementary Particles

6. Interactions

7. Quantum Mechanics
"quantum," which means "broken into increments or parcels,” is used to describe the physics of very small particles
A few of the important quantum numbers of particles are:
Electric charge. Quarks may have 2/3 or 1/3 electron charges, but they only form composite particles with integer electric charge.
Color charge. A quark carries one of three color charges and a gluon carries one of eight color-anticolor charges. All other particles are color neutral.
Flavor. Flavor distinguishes quarks (and leptons) from one another.

8. Spin Spin is a bizarre but important physical quantity.
Large objects like planets or marbles may have angular momentum and a magnetic field because they spin.
Since particles also to appear to have their own angular momentum and tiny magnetic moments, physicists called this particle property spin.
This is a misleading term since particles are not actually "spinning." Spin is quantized to units of 0, 1/2, 1, 3/2 (times Planck's Constant, ) and so on.

9. Pauli Exclusion Principle
no two particles in the same quantum state could exist in the same place at the same time.
But it has been since discovered that a certain group of particles do not obey this principle. Particles that do obey the Pauli Exclusion Principle are called fermions, and those that do not are called bosons.

10. Fermions & Bosons Behavior

11. Fermions and Bosons: Explained
The predicted graviton has a spin of 2.

12. A Lot To Remember
We have answered the questions, "What is the world made of?" and "What holds it together?"
The world is made of six quarks and six leptons. Everything we see is a conglomeration of quarks and leptons.
There are four fundamental forces and there are force carrier particles associated with each force.
We have also discussed how a particle's state (set of quantum numbers) may affect how it interacts with other particles.
These are the essential aspects of the Standard Model. It is the most complete explanation of the fundamental particles and interactions to date.

13. Elementary Particles

14. Big Theory Chart

15. How to detect the Higgs Boson?

16. Detecting invisible

17. What are debris? http://pdg.lbl.gov
Life time is longer enough to fly through the detector
The tracker radius is about 1m
The lifetime of particle is longer than 3×10-9s

18. Particles and Detectors

19. How to measure charged & momentum?
What happen for a neutral particle passing through magnet?

20. Particles and Detectors

21. * location of magnet depends on specific detector design
Generic Design
Cylinders wrapped around the beam pipe
From inner to outer . . .
Tracking
Electromagnetic calorimeter
Hadronic calorimeter
Magnet*
Muon chamber
* location of magnet depends on specific detector design

22. Particle Detection

23. Quiz1
e-, e+
muon+, muon-

24. Quiz2
quark-antiquark
quark-antiquark+ gluon (?)