2. 11 The Cardiovascular System
Lesson 11.1: Heart Anatomy and the Function of the Cardiovascular System Lesson 11.2: Regulation of the Heart Lesson 11.3: Blood Vessels and Circulation Lesson 11.4: Heart Disease

3. Heart Anatomy and the Function of the Cardiovascular System
Chapter 11: The Cardiovascular System
Lesson 11.1
Heart Anatomy and the Function of the Cardiovascular System

4. Do Now Grab your folders.
Begin working on your “Learning the Key Terms” worksheet.
Chapter 11 Lesson 1 vocab is on page 374.
You have 8 minutes to complete the worksheet.
Turn in the worksheet to Mr. B when you are finished.

5. Today’s Objectives Describe the function of the cardiovascular system.
Describe the location, size, and structures of the heart.
Outline the flow of blood through the cardiopulmonary system.
Describe how blood flows from the arteries to the veins.

6. Anatomy and the Function of the Cardiovascular System
What We’re Covering Today:
the heart: location and size
the four chambers of the heart
the heart valves
blood flow through the heart
walls of the heart
cardiac cycle
cardiac output

7. Intro:
Cardiovascular system – also called the circulatory system.
Contains:
The heart, blood vessels, and blood.
The system transports oxygen, hormones, and other nutrients to cells and rids the body of carbon dioxide.
Functions:
Transportation of oxygen
Removal of carbon dioxide
Regulation of body temperature
Maintain of body’s acid-base balance
Transportation of hormones
Assistance with immune function

8. The Heart: Location and Size
The heart is the hardest working organ in the human body.
The human heart beats 3 billion times in a person’s lifetime.
Located in the thoracic cavity above the diaphragm, and between the lungs
About the size of a clenched fist
weighs 8–10 ounces in women
Weighs ounces in men

9. The Heart: Location and Size

10. The Four Chambers of the Heart
The heart is divided into four chambers:
right atrium
right ventricle
left atrium
left ventricle
The two atria act as low-pressure collecting chambers and are separated by the interatrial septum
The two ventricles act as powerful pumps and are separated by the interventricular septum.

11. The Four Chambers of the Heart
The right atrium receives deoxygenated blood from the venous system from the inferior vena cava and the superior vena cava.
The right ventricle then pumps the blood to the lungs.
The left atrium receives the oxygenated blood from the lungs and then the left ventricle pumps the blood through the aorta.

12. The Heart Valves The heart has 4 major valves.
These valves only allow blood to flow in one direction.
atrioventricular (AV) valves
Located between the atria and the ventricles
Tricuspid – has three flaps
bicuspid (mitral) – has two flaps
semilunar valves
Allows for blood to flow from the ventricles to the lungs and the rest of the body.
Pulmonary – located at the opening of the pulmonary artery on the right side of the heart.
Aortic – located at the opening of the aorta on the left side of the hear.

13. Review and Assessment
Match these words with 1–4 below: tricuspid, thoracic cavity, ventricle, aortic.
1. atrioventricular valve
2. semilunar valve
3. location of heart
4. heart chamber

14. Blood Flow through the Heart
(1) deoxygenated blood flows from the body to the inferior and superior vena cavae to right atrium
(2) right atrium contracts, forcing blood through the tricuspid valve to right ventricle
(3) right ventricle contracts, forcing blood through the pulmonary valve, to the pulmonary artery
(4) blood exits to the lungs

15. Blood Flow through the Heart (continued)
(5) oxygenated blood from lungs travels through the pulmonary veins to the left atrium
(6) left atrium contracts, forcing blood through the mitral valve to the left ventricle
(7) left ventricle contracts, forcing blood through the aortic valve
(8) blood passes to the aorta
(9) blood travels out to parts of the body

16. Blood Flow through the Heart

17. Walls of the Heart The heart has three layers or walls. epicardium
outermost layer
myocardium
middle layer
Makes up about 2/3 of the heart muscle.
endocardium
inner layer, that lines the interior of the heart chambers and covers the valves of the heart.

18. Cardiac Cycle
Cardiac cycle consists of two phases: Contraction and relaxation.
diastole
Ventricle relax, atria contract
Chambers fill with blood
systole
Ventricles contract, atria relax
Chambers pump blood out of the heart
mean arterial pressure
overall pressure within cardiovascular system

19. Cardiac Output
The amount of blood pumped by heart in 1 minute measured in liters/minute
stroke volume
amount of blood pumped in 1 beat
heart rate
number of beats per minute

20. Review and Assessment True or False?
1. The ventricles contract in diastole.
2. Stroke volume is measured in beats/minute.
3. The epicardium is the inner heart layer.
4. Deoxygenated blood enters the left atrium.
5. The aortic valve is in the left ventricle.

21. END

22. Exit Ticket
1. The myocardium is the __________. a. sac surrounding the heart b. thick, muscular wall of the heart c. inner lining of the heart d. septum between the chambers of the heart 2. The bicuspid valve is located between the ____. a. right and left ventricles b. left atrium and left ventricle c. left and right atria d. left ventricle and the aorta

23. 3) Which of the following is NOT a function of the cardiovascular system? a. transportation of oxygen b. removal of carbon dioxide c. regulates body temperature d. provides support to the blood vessels

24. 4) In the cardiac cycle (contraction and relaxation), which stage is characterized by a period of relaxation? a. diastole b. systole c. diastolic pressure d. vasodilation

25. Regulation of the Heart
Chapter 11: The Cardiovascular System
Lesson 11.2
Regulation of the Heart

26. Do Now Grab your folders. Turn Cellphones into the box.
Begin working on your “Learning the Key Terms” worksheet.
Chapter 11 Lesson 2 vocab is on page 381.
You have 8 minutes to complete the worksheet.
Turn in the worksheet to Mr. B when you are finished.
Take out your study guide for chapter 9 and chapter 10 and study if you are finished early.

27. Today’s Objectives Describe the mechanisms that regulate the heart.
Describe different types of arrhythmia, or abnormal contractility conditions that can be detected via electrocardiogram.
Identify the components of the conduction system of the heart.

28. Regulation of the Heart
The heart is regulated by three different mechanisms. One inside the heart; the other two outside of the heart:
internal control of the heart
external control
the conduction system

29. Internal Control of the Heart
sinoatrial node
Known as the “pacemaker” or the SA Node***
Located at the top of the right atrium
sends electrical impulse that tells the heart to beat
tells heart to beat 60–100 bpm

30. External Control of the Heart
the cardiac center
sympathetic nerve system speeds up the heart rate***
parasympathetic nerve system slows down the heart rate
Parasympathetic dominant branch at rest which is why your heart rate is low at rest.
the endocrine system
some hormones speed up the heart rate
Epinephrine and norepinephrine increases heart rate

31. The Conduction System SA node AV node bundle of His
bundle branches–right and left
Purkinje fibers

32. The Conduction System
Conduction is the process of conveying or transmitting types of energy, such as electrical impulses***.
Includes two areas of nodal tissue and a network of conduction fibers.
These structures allow the electrical impulses formed by the SA node to travel to the ventricles, telling them to contract.

33. The Conduction System
The electrical impulse travels to the left atrium and goes through the atrioventricular node (AV Node)
Once the electrical impulse leaves the AV node, it is carried through conducting fibers called the bundle of His.

34. Electrocardiogram Known as an ECG or EKG
Recording of the electrical activity of the heart
It illustrates what is happening electrically
depolarize–contract
repolarize–relax

35. Review and Assessment
Match these words with 1–4 below: parasympathetic, EKG, SA node, sympathetic.
1. speed up
2. slow down
3. pacemaker
4. electrical activity of the heart

36. Cardiac Arrhythmias normal contractility condition
sinus rhythm
A normal healthy heart follows a steady rhythm.
abnormal contractility condition
arrhythmia
ventricle or atria contraction is not normal
A beat can arrive too soon or beat in an abnormal way.

37. Cardiac Arrhythmias bradycardia tachycardia
slow heart beat – less than 60 bpm
tachycardia
fast heart beat – above 100 bpm
premature atrial contraction (PACs)
atria contracts before SA node
Can be caused by caffeine or stress

38. Cardiac Arrhythmias atrial fibrillation
atria contract faster than 350 bpm
premature ventricular contractions (PVCs)
ventricles contract too soon
ventricular tachycardia (VT)
ventricles, rather than SA node, cause beat

39. Cardiac Arrhythmias ventricular fibrillation (VF) heart block
ventricles contract faster than 350 bpm
heart block
impulse from SA node to AV node are delayed or blocked.
first–impulse delayed
second–intermittently blocked
third–completely blocked

40. Defibrillators and Life-Threatening Arrhythmias
automatic external defibrillator (AED)
Produces an electric shock
stops heart and allows the heart to start normal rhythm
anyone can use one

41. Review and Assessment
Fill in the blanks with: Tachycardia, Atrial fibrillation, Bradycardia, or Defibrillator.
1. _______________ is fast heart beat.
2. _______________ is slow heart beat.
3. _______________ is atria beating more than 350 bpm.
4. A(n) _______________ stops the heart so it can reset.

42. END

43. Exit Ticket The “pacemaker” of the heart is the _____. a. mitral valve
b. atrioventricular node
c. sinoatrial node
d. bundle of His
2) Sympathetic nerve fibers stimulate the SA node, which ___.
a. increases the heart rate.
b. decreases the heart rate.
c. causes the ventricles to contract.
d. makes the heart rate irregular.

44. 3) Which of the following is not considered a component of the heart conduction system? a. sinoatrial node b. epicardium c. Purkinje fibers d. atrioventricular node

45. 4) T or F: Conduction is the process of conveying or transmitting types of energy, such as electrical impulses.

46. Blood Vessels and Circulation
Chapter 11: The Cardiovascular System
Lesson 11.3
Blood Vessels and Circulation

47. Do Now Grab your folders.
Begin working on your “Learning the Key Terms” worksheet.
Chapter 11 Lesson 3 vocab is on page 396.
You have 8 minutes to complete the worksheet.
Turn in the worksheet to Mr. B when you are finished.

48. Today’s Objectives
Identify the differences among the three types of vessels.
Outline the flow of blood through the cardiopulmonary system.
Describe how blood flows from the arteries to the veins.
Describe how the veins return blood to the heart.
Describe the distribution of blood at rest and during exercise.

49. Intro
Three types of blood vessels form a closed loop of tubes that carry blood from the heart to the rest of the body and back to the heart.
Vessels:
Arteries
Capillaries
Veins
Subdivisions
Arterioles
Venules

50. Blood Vessels and Circulation
blood vessels: the transport network
circulation: moving blood around the body
taking vital signs
know your numbers

51. Blood Vessels: The Transport Network
structure and function of vessels

52. The Three Layers of Blood Vessels

53. Tunica Intima Tunica Media
The innermost layer, composed of a single layer of squamous epithelial cells.
Provides a smooth, frictionless surface that allows blood to flow smoothly through the vessel.
Tunica Media
The middle layer of blood vessels
Directed by the sympathetic nervous system to increase (vasodilation) and decrease (vasoconstriction) blood flow.

54. Tunica Externa Outermost layer of the blood vessels
Composed of fibrous connective tissue, which provides support and protection.

55. Differences Between Arteries and Veins
Arterial vessels carry blood away from the heart***
Must withstand large amounts of pressure when the heart contracts
Arteries have the thickest, strongest, most elastics walls***.
Venous system carries blood back to the heart.
Veins do not deal with large amounts of pressure.
Walls are thinner and less elastic.
Contains 65% of the blood in the body.

56. Differences between Arteries and Veins

57. Capillaries
Capillaries are the smallest and most numerous vessels in the body***.
Capillaries are called exchange vessels because oxygen and carbon dioxide gas exchange occurs between the capillaries and tissues.
gas moves between tissue and blood
capillary bed
network of exchange vessels
precapillary sphincters
close off capillary bed as needed
Controls the blood flow

58. Circulation: Moving Blood around the Body
The circulatory system is an extensive network of blood vessels that stretches 60,000 miles within the body.
cardiopulmonary circulation
The right side of the heart pumps oxygen-poor blood to the lungs, and the left side of the heart pumps oxygen rich blood to the rest of the body
Pulmonary artery***
between heart and lungs
systemic circulation
between heart and body
Circulates oxygen, hormones, water, and other nutrients to tissues, and then carries carbon dioxide and was products back to the heart.

59. Circulation: Moving Blood around the Body

60. Review and Assessment True or False?
1. Systemic circulation moves blood to lungs.
2. Capillaries are exchange vessels.
3. The tunica intima is the innermost layer.
4. Arteries move blood away from the heart.
5. Veins move blood toward the heart.

61. Cardiac Circulation
You know that oxygen is supplied to the body by the arteries, which carry blood away from the heart.
What supplies the heart with oxygen?

62. The oxygen rich blood that nourishes the heart is supplied by the right and left coronary arteries.
Divides into two arteries that supply oxygenated blood to the anterior, lateral, and posterior walls of the heart.
Right
Two main branches that supply blood to the inferior and posterior walls of the heart.

63. Hepatic Portal Circulation
Examine how nutrients such as carbohydrates, fat, and protein are stored and released in the bloodstream.
Hepatic Portal Circulation maintains proper levels in the blood
carbohydrate
fat
protein

64. Arteries

65. Veins

66. Fetal Circulation
Process by which an unborn infant receives oxygen and nutrients and disposes of waste products.
The infant receives oxygen and nutrients from the mother’s blood through one large umbilical vein.
Waste products are cleared through the two umbilical arteries in the placenta
Most blood enters through the ductus venous vein.
Deoxygenated blood returns to the placenta via the umbilical arteries.

67. Taking Vital Signs taking your pulse
find radial, carotid or brachial artery
count beats for 15 seconds, multiply by 4
measuring blood pressure
stethoscope, sphygmomanometer (pressure cuff)
systolic/diastolic pressure
Systolic pressure occurs when the left ventricle contracts***.
Diastolic pressure occurs when the left ventricle is relaxed***.
Joseph Dilag/Shutterstock.com, Ilya Andriyanov/Shutterstock.com

68. Know Your Numbers weight blood pressure cholesterol
body mass index–weight to height
blood pressure
Average pressure for an adult should be - systolic/diastolic–110/70 mmHg
Any pressure in excess of 140/90 mmHg should consult with a doctor.
cholesterol
LDLs – “bad” cholesterol (Lousy)
HDLs – “good” cholesterol (Healthy)

69. Review and Assessment
Match these words with 1–4 below: foramen ovule, cholesterol, pulse, blood pressure.
1. systolic/diastolic
2. fetal circulation
3. LDLs and HDLs
4. carotid artery

70. END

71. Chapter 11.3 St udy Questions
Please answers the following questions:
#’s 2, 3, 4, 6, 11, 15, 17, & 18

72. Exit Ticket
Which vessel has the thickest, strongest, and most elastic walls?
a. artery
b. capillary
c. exchange vessel
d. vein

73. Exit Ticket
2) Blood is carried to the lungs by the ____. a. pulmonary vein b. pulmonary artery c. aorta d. inferior vena cava

74. 3) The arteries carry blood ____. a. away from the heart b
3) The arteries carry blood ____. a. away from the heart b. to the lungs c. to the lungs only d. to the heart 4) The smallest, most numerous vessels in the body are the ____. a. venules b. arterioles c. capillaries d. veins

75. 5) Blood pressure measured when the left ventricle contracts is called ____ pressure. a. diastolic b. stroke c. systolic d. mean

76. Chapter 11: The Cardiovascular System
Lesson 11.4
Heart Disease

77. Do Now Grab your folders.
Begin working on your “Learning the Key Terms” worksheet.
Chapter 11 Lesson 4 vocab is on page 403.
You have 8 minutes to complete the worksheet.
Turn in the worksheet to Mr. B when you are finished.

78. Today’s Objectives
Identify several common types of heart diseases and disorders and their symptoms.
Explain the causes of and remedies for different heart conditions.
List and discuss strategies for preventing heart disease.

79. Heart Disease
Intro
Cardiovascular diseases account for one in six deaths in the United States – approximately 2,200 deaths per day.
Someone will have a heart attack or chest pain every 25 seconds!
Heart disease costs the United States $300 billion dollars annually.

80. Heart Disease What we’re going to cover: valve abnormalities
diseases ending in -itis
heart failure
diseases of the arteries

81. Valve Abnormalities Heart murmurs
Can be heard from “whooshing” or “swishing” sounds when listening through a stethoscope.
Caused when valves do not close properly
Common in younger children
Usually do not require treatment
Valvular stenosis
narrowed, stiff heart valve
Makes the heart work harder to pump blood through the smaller than normal valve opening.
mitral valve prolapse
mitral valve does not fully close
Shortness of breath, palpitations (rapid heartbeat)
Valve can be replaced or repaired

82. Diseases Ending in -itis
Remember: -itis refers to inflammation
pericarditis
inflammation of heart sac
Causes the heart to rub against the sac that surround the heart.
Can cause stabbing heart pain.
Treatment: medication.
myocarditis
inflammation of heart muscle
Symptoms similar to the pericarditis
endocarditis
inflammation of heart lining and valves
Can cause life threatening complications if left untreated

83. Heart Failure
Condition where the heart cannot pump blood to meet the oxygen needs of the body, or the heart muscle becomes stiff and has difficulty filling with blood.***
fluid backs up in
lungs
liver
limbs
gastrointestinal tract
Can cause swelling in lower extremities, and frequent urination.
Treatment includes: diuretics (prevents water retention) or if severe enough heart transplant
Common causes: coronary artery disease, infections.

84. Diseases of the Arteries
Remember: arteries transport blood through the body.
Aneurysms – to the right
weakened artery bulges, may break
Can be caused by hypertension, high cholesterol, smoking.
Common locations in the aorta, brain, and intestines.

85. coronary artery disease
Narrowing of one or more of the coronary arteries from a buildup of plaque.
Atherosclerosis – hardening of the arteries***
Caused by high blood pressure, smoking, high glucose levels, high cholesterol diet.
angina pectoris (chest pain)
Caused by lack of oxygen
Ischemia
Caused by lack of blood flow to
the heart.

86. Heart Attack myocardial infarction treatment
plaque completely blocks a cardiac artery***
Symptoms include chest tightness, crushing pain, shortness of breath
treatment
aspirin as soon as symptoms appear
20–60 minute window for treatment
Damage can be irreversible

87. Heart Attack

88. Heart Disease Hypertension peripheral vascular disease stroke
“high blood pressure”***
blood pressure above 140/90 mmHg
Called the “silent killer” because of a lack of symptoms***.
peripheral vascular disease
lack of circulation in legs caused by narrowing of arteries in the legs.
Symptoms include pain and fatigue in the lower extremities.
African-American at greater risk.
stroke
blockage of brain blood flow***
ischemic stroke – one artery blocked
hemorrhagic stroke – artery ruptures
transient ischemic attack (TIA) – temporary lack of blood supply.

89. Review and Assessment True or False? 1. Hypertension is 120/80 mmHg.
2. Aspirin helps in a heart attack.
3. An aneurysm is a weakened artery.
4. Myocarditis affects the heart wall.
5. In a heart murmur the valves do not close properly.

90. END

91. Exit Ticket Atherosclerosis is also known as hardening of the ______.
a. veins
b. blood vessels
c. arteries
d. athero

92. 2) T or F: Heart failure is a condition in which the heart cannot adequately pump blood to meet the carbon dioxide needs of the body. 3) Hypertension is also called _____. a. low blood pressure, “the silent killer” b. low blood pressure, “the quick killer” c. high blood pressure, “the silent killer” d. high blood pressure, “the quick killer”

93. 4) A stroke occurs when _____. a. when the arteries narrow b
4) A stroke occurs when _____. a. when the arteries narrow b. when blood flow to the brain stops c. when blood flow to the heart stops d. when the heart does not receive oxygen

94. 5) A myocardial infarction, commonly known as a _________ __________, occurs when _______ completely blocks an artery. a. ischemic stroke; blood b. heart murmurs; cholesterol c. heart attack; plaque d. heart attack; collagen