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Accessibility & Accommodations in Computer-based Testing: Coming to (common) terms with the assistive technology and standards world Mark Hakkinen,

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Presentation on theme: "Accessibility & Accommodations in Computer-based Testing: Coming to (common) terms with the assistive technology and standards world Mark Hakkinen,"— Presentation transcript:

1 Accessibility & Accommodations in Computer-based Testing: Coming to (common) terms with the assistive technology and standards world Mark Hakkinen, PhD Accessibility, Standards & Assistive Technology Research Group Educational Testing Service Princeton, New Jersey

2 Key Trends Computer-based Testing needs to serve all Test Takers, including those with Disabilities Growing adoption of Accessibility Technical Standards to make this possible Accessibility is an End to End Process, from content design and authoring to delivery and support for test taker needs

3 Terminology can be confusing…

4 ZoomText Zoom Kurzweil APIP Read Aloud PNP Screen Reader ARIA Tactiles
Magnification Read Aloud PNP Screen Reader ARIA VoiceOver Tactiles Dragon Braille WCAG Refreshable Braille NVDA JAWS 508 TTS Voice to Text

5 Let’s bring some order to this by understanding...
Accessibility Standards Assistive Technologies …And the role they play in delivering accessible Computer-based tests

6 Assistive Technologies & Accommodations
Accessibility Standards Assistive Technologies & Accommodations PNP Read Aloud Refreshable Braille Kurzweil VoiceOver APIP Tactiles Magnification Dragon Etc... WCAG TTS Screen Reader ZoomText ARIA Voice to Text Zoom JAWS NVDA 508 Braille

7 Defining Accessibility
Accessibility refers to the design of products, devices, services, or environments for people with disabilities. Also known as Universal Design* or Design for All. Remove barriers to access. *Broader than UDL

8 a11y

9 a11y accessibility 11 characters between ‘a’ and ‘y’

10 Standards Standards are key to the successful implementation of accessibility For Content Authoring Content interchange Delivery Compatibility with assistive technologies

11 In Assessments The IMS Global Learning Consortium standards QTI and APIP provide for authoring and interchange of assessment items With the move to Web-based delivery of Computer- based Tests, additional standards come into play, especially for accessibility

12 Accessibility Approaches
Assessment Web Alternate forms Custom built supports Limited support for assistive technologies Security concerns Learning curves resulting from custom interfaces and tools Standard, universal approach to content Open Standards Assistive Technologies widely available and used Common and familiar interfaces

13 WCAG Web Content Accessibility Guidelines Pronounced “Wuh Cag”

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15 WCAG is the “standard” for a11y
Basis of Section 508 (both original and refresh) Basis of international a11y legislation Basis of a growing number of state government a11y guidelines and requirements Basis for making conformance claims (WCAG 2.0 AA) You will see WCAG Conformance in RFPs

16 WCAG Defined: POUR Four principles for Accessibility: Perceivable Operable Understandable Robust

17 Support for User Needs is Key
WCAG aligns with Test Taker needs Content must be accessible and usable Support for and compatibility with Assistive Technologies

18 Assistive Technology Any item, piece of equipment, or system, used to increase, maintain, or improve functional capabilities of individuals with disabilities or functional limitations. Also called: AT

19 Assistive Technology is mainstream
Built-in to consumer products and services Available as add-ons Driven by standards Motivated by moral and legal reasons Growing expectation by users that technology should just work

20 Apple iOS A11y Features

21 Let’s Identify Common AT
Screen Reader For Test Takers with Visual Impairments Refreshable Braille Tactiles Zoom/Magnification Enlarge content so it is viewable by those with low vision Color Contrast Change foreground/background colors

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24 Let’s Identify Common AT
Read Aloud For Language Learners and those with Learning Disabilities Software-based Text to Speech Synthesis (TTS) or pre-recorded Read individual words or passages Synchronized Highlighting of Text as it is Spoken Keyboard Accessibility For those who cannot use a mouse, or require switch interfaces All controls and interactives controllable via keyboard only

25 Built-In vs 3rd Party Assistive Technologies
Built-in to the Operating System Platform Mac/iOS VoiceOver, Magnification, Color Contrast, Speak (Read Aloud) Microsoft Narrator, Magnifier, Color Contrast ChromeOS ChromeVox, Zoom, Speak, Color Contrast Android Talkback, Zoom, Color Contrast

26 Built-In vs 3rd Party Assistive Technologies
Built-in to Computer-based Test Delivery Can include: Read Aloud Zoom Color Contrast Keyboard Access

27 Built-In vs 3rd Party Assistive Technologies
3rd Party AT Screen Readers JAWS, NVDA, WindowEyes Zoom ZoomText, MAGiC Read Aloud Read & Write Gold, Kurzweil, etc

28 Common confusions TTS is not a Screen Reader nor Read Aloud tool
TTS is an underlying ”service” used by AT Read Aloud does not support Visually Impaired users Screen Readers are not for students who need “text read aloud” Zoom and Magnification can be built in or third party Refreshable Braille is not a stand-alone feature, it requires a screen reader JAWS is not the only screen reader

29 Rapidly AT changing landscape
WebAIM 2015 Screen Reader Survey

30 The Key to Serving Test Takers with Disabilities…
Understand the Assistive Technologies they use Don’t Re-invent the Wheel when it comes to AT Understand the Standards needed to make Tests accessible, from authoring to delivery Understand and correctly use common terms so that we bridge the worlds of assessment and accessibility

31 Thank you! mhakkinen@ets.org


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