1. Development and Health
By Sophie & Shannon

2. What is development and sustainability?
Development is any improvement in the standard of living of people within a country.
Sustainability refers to the needs of future generations and to not spoil the landscape, land resources, water resources, atmosphere and oceans.

3. Positive factors
Positive factors include accessibility for good trade, a pleasant climate or attractive scenery to encourage tourism, natural resources like oil or other minerals, stable government and an increasingly educated workforce.
Negative factors
Negative factors include remoteness, a very cold or very dry climate, disease, lack of natural resources, corrupt government, civil war, natural disasters like drought, cyclones, floods or earthquakes, fast growing population and crippling debt.

4. Indicators of development
There is a number of ways to measure development.
-Economic indicators
-Social indicators
-Combined indicators
Development Indicator South Korea Burkina Faso
GNP/capita (US$)
Doctors/100,000 people
Adult literacy (%)
Birth rate per
Life expectancy (years)
Number of universities

5. Economic development
Is a measure of a country's wealth and how it is generated (for example agriculture is considered less economically advanced then banking).

6. Gross Domestic Product (GDP)
This is the value of all goods produced, services provided in a country in a year.
Gross National Product (GNP)
This is the value of all goods produced, services provided in a country and services earned abroad in one year.
People employed in agriculture
A country where most people work in agriculture has very little industry. This means the wealth of the country is limited

7. Energy per person
The energy used in a country divided by the number of people in that country. Countries with a higher standard of living and industries will use more energy.
For example, the UK has 83% of internet users compared to Afghanistan’s 6%. This is because Afghanistan is a developing country.

8. Problems with economic indicators
Wealth may not always be evenly spread
Wealth does not equate to quality of life
Indicators are an average for a country
One indicator doesn’t give enough information
Wealth needs to be taken in respect of what can be bought for that money.

9. Social Indicators
Social indicators show how a country uses its wealth to improve the lives of its people

10. Death rate
The number of people who die for every 1000 people who live in the country.
Life expectancy
The number of years on average that people live.
Adult literacy
The number of adults who can read in every 1000 of the population
Calories per person
The average number of calories consumed by each person per day.

11. Other indicators include:
Protein per person per day
Population per doctor
Infant mortality
For example, the UK has an adult literacy rate of 99% compared to Mali’s 32%.

12. Physical Quality of Life Index
The Physical Quality of Life Index (PQLI) is an attempt to measure the quality of life or well-being of a country. The value is the average of three statistics: basic literacy rate, infant mortality, and life expectancy at age one, all equally weighted on a 0 to 100 scale

13. Problems with social indicators
One indicator does not provide enough information
Indicators disguise variations
Indicators do not take in to account specific circumstances

14. Dividing the world
The world can be divided up in a number of ways. (geographically, politically, climate)
In this unit we will look at the division due to development stages
There are two categories of development:
- More economically developed countries (MEDC)
- Less economically developed countries (LEDC)

15. MEDC
This includes countries such as Britain, America, Japan and many more
These countries are seen to have a better standard of living for their population.
They have a developed industry base. With many industries in the tertiary and quaternary sectors
They have a high human development index

16. LEDC
This includes countries such as brazil, Ethiopia, Bangladesh and many more.
They have a relatively low standard of living
They tend to have a underdeveloped industrial base
They have moderate to low Human development index.
Often widespread poverty in the country

17. Inequalities through out the world
The world is divided in to developed and developing regions.
This done my using social, economic and combined factors to measure the level of development.

18. Reasons for inequalities
There are a number of reasons why development is uneven throughout the world.
- Trade
- Population growth
- Industrialisation
- Political turmoil
- Physical factors

19. Trade
Poorer countries supply resources such as timber, agriculture, oil and mining products, often at low prices.
These products are used in manufacturing industries to make products which are then sold for large profits, often to poorer countries.
Tea and cotton are examples of a low profit, raw material which sells for more once processed. If poorer countries could begin to process the materials themselves they could make more money.
However, the process is often too expensive for them to set up and richer countries make it difficult for them as they want to avoid the competition for their goods.

20. Population growth
Population growth can have an impact on the level of development within a country. If a developing
nation has a rapid increase in its population such as those seen in Ethiopia, then the country’s
economy cannot keep up with this population growth. It cannot provide jobs, housing or medical
facilities for the population. This can lead to a case where the pressures on the country are increased

21. Industrialisation
Industrialisation is the movement of a country from a predominantly agricultural (pre-industrial) society where capital accumulation is low, to an industrial society where capital accumulation is high. This is due to the difference in value of primary and secondary products. This movement involves both social and economic changes.
The amount of money available to reinvest in to a country will increase, this will further develop the country. With industrialisation comes an improvement of the country’s infrastructure.

22. Political turmoil
In any country attempting to develop then capital investment needs to be made in to that country.
This is to provide better infrastructure for its industries, to create a skilled labour force and healthy population. In a country with political turmoil you may have civil unrest with conflict between parties,
money may often not be invested in to the required projects and priorities.
One problem that can often be seen is corrupt governments that may embezzle money. I.e. Zimbabwe

23. Physical factors
If a country is prone to drought this can lead to famine. It also makes it difficult to have a reliable source of agricultural income, if your crop fails and you are dependent on agricultural goods for both your income and your food source then difficulties arise.

24. Case study: Brazil
Brazil has expanded its industry greatly in recent times, mainly in the south-east of the country. The south east also has:
84% adult literacy
57% of Brazil's wealth
42% of Brazil's energy use

25. Amazonia is huge but has very few people. It has:
58% adult literacy
4% of Brazil's wealth
1% of Brazil's energy use
Brazil also has huge contrasts between its urban rich and its urban poor. The rich:
live in modern apartments
have good, well-paid jobs
can afford all modern luxuries
have a western-style standard of living
can give their children a full education

26. In comparison, the urban poor:
live in overcrowded favelas
have no clean water or sanitation
work in the 'informal' sector
can give their children, at best, a limited education

27. Health

28. Malaria
the global 'at risk' population is around 3.4 billion people, roughly half of the world’s population
it is an endemic disease, with 106 endemic countries
the number of infected people is around million at any one time
Malaria is found within the tropics, reflecting the presence of a parasite-carrying mosquito. This tends to be at altitudes of up to 3000 metres, with high humidity, where temperatures are above 15°C and below 40°C

29. Physical and Human Physical Human Temperatures must be between 15-40°C
Houses create areas of shade for the mosquitoes to rest
The presence of the female anopheles mosquito
Global air travel contributes to the spread
Humidity of 60 per cent plus
Settlements provide large populations for blood meals
Stagnant water, eg paddy fields needed to lay larvae
Poor sanitation in shanty towns can contribute to areas of stagnant water

30. Methods used to control malaria
This is a very effective way of reducing incidence of malaria and is relatively cheap. Each bed net costs only £3. However, many people in rural Malawi are unable to afford this.
In the last 15 years, the Ministry of Health and charities such as Nothing but Nets, have distributed bed nets across Malawi. In 1997 only 8 per cent of homes in Malawi had bed nets. By 2004 the average was 50 per cent.