1. Chapter 24: Geometric Optics
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2. Goals for Chapter 24 To study reflections from a plane surface.
To see how reflections from a spherical surface add new features.
To understand ray tracing and graphical methods for all mirrors.
To study refractions at spherical surfaces and thin lenses.
To adapt what we learned about ray tracing to graphical methods for lenses.
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3. Reflections at a Plane Surface – Figure 24.1
Review key terms.
object
image
real
virtual
distance to image
distance to object
magnification
upright
inverted
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4. Refractions Deceive Your Eyes – Figures 24.2 and 24.3
As the eye follows rays back to the mirror surface, the brain completes the path forming a virtual focus behind the mirror.
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5. Sign Rules for Images and Objects – Figure 24.4
The position of the object and the image determine sign convention.
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6. Magnification – Figure 24.5
Height of image and object will determine the magnification.
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7. "Inverted" or "Erect" Defining Terms – Figure 24.6
The appearance of the image with respect to its object reveals our description.
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8. Plane Mirrors Exhibit Left-Right Reversal –Figure 24.7
Have you ever looked at some emergency service vehicles and wondered what ECILOP or ECNALUBMA means? (Actually, it's even harder; the letters are reversed in their presentation.)
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9. Spherical Mirrors – Figure 24.9
Reflections from a spherical mirror depend on the radius of curvature.
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10. Concave Spherical Mirrors – Figure 24.11
Refer to the information in the box at the bottom of page 775.
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11. The Principal Rays for Mirror Imaging –Figure 24.12
Refer to Conceptual Analysis 24.2 and Example 24.1.
These results are also obtained numerically with the mirror equations of Section 24.2.
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12. The Convex Spherical Mirror – Figure 24.14
Trace the principal rays to find the virtual image for a convex spherical mirror.
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13. Reflection and Production of Paraxial Rays – Figure 24.15
This type of mirror is an excellent choice for clandestine observation or automotive applications.
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14. The Image Formed by a Convex Mirror Example 24.2
Refer to the worked example on page 778 of your text and help Santa feel better about his image.
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15. Specific Ray Tracing for Mirror Analysis Figure 24.19
Refer to Problem-Solving Strategy 24.1
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16. A Complete Image Construction – Example 24.3
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17. Refraction at Spherical Surfaces – Figure 24.20
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18. Glass Rods in Air or Water – Examples 24.4 and 24.5
The figure below refers to Example 24.4.
The figure below refers to Example 24.5.
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19. Optical Illusions from Refraction – Figures 24.24 and 24.25
The image at right refers to Example 24.6.
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20. The Converging Lens – Figure 24.26
The biconvex lens shown is but one in a series of thin lenses that we will examine by shape and ray tracing.
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21. Object and Image for a Converging Lens –Figure 24.27
We will next find ourselves in a position to relate object and image by tracing the principal rays as we did with mirrors.
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22. Lenses and Left-Right Reversal – Figure 24.28
It can be shown that lenses do not produces the left-right reversal that we observed with mirrors.
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23. Diverging Lenses and Foci – Figure 24.29
The focal point is imaginary.
Refer to Conceptual Analysis 24.3.
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24. Diverse Shapes Accommodate Many Uses – Figure 24.30
Many different arrangements may be constructed depending on the lens shape.
Refer to Figures and 24.33, and to Quantitative Analysis 24.4.
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25. Examples with a Plano-Concave Lens –Figure 24.33 and 24.34
Follow Examples 24.7 and 24.8.
This figure refers to Example 24.7.
This figure refers to Example 24.8.
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26. The Principal Rays for Thin Lenses – Figure 24.36
The results shown here graphically may also be obtained with the thin lens equations. Refer to pages 792–793.
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27. Examples of Thin Lens Analysis – Figure 24.36
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28. Examples of Thin Lens Imaging – Figure 24.37
Refer to Problem Solving Strategy 24.2, Example 24.9, and Example
This figure refers to Example
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