1. Principles of Flight
13-17 FEB 2017

2. Flight Test 6.3 Do Now Monday, 13 FEB 17 Take out notebook
Open to FT 6.0
Mini-Lesson K: Three Gas Laws
MATERIALS – Gather balloons
SAFETY – Pick up safety eyewear
FT 6.0 DUE at end of class today (tomorrow is OKAY)
Flight Test 6.3
Day Three

3. Mini-Lesson K: Three Gas Laws
Boyle's Law: The pressure of a gas is inversely proportional to its volume.
When the VOLUME gets smaller, the PRESSURE gets higher
Charles' Law: the volume of a gas is proportional to its temperature.
When the TEMPERATURE gets higher, the VOLUME gets higher
Gay-Lussac's Law: The temperature of a gas is directly proportional to its pressure.
When the PRESSURE gets higher, the TEMPERATURE gets higher

4. Flight Test 6.3 Inside Testing 13 FEB 17 Double check with group:
Criteria for Success?
Are you collecting data including units?
When testing:
How much mass is the individual balloon lifting?
How much is the mass of one small paper clip? How about one large paperclip?
How many paperclips are necessary to maintain neutral buoyancy?
Follow SAFETY instructions
Flight Test 6.3
Day Three

5. Clean-up HOMEWORK Floor and desktops free of debris Chairs pushed-in
Complete EW 6.0 (if necessary)
Study for HTA Test
Floor and desktops free of debris
Chairs pushed-in

6. Flight Test 7.0 Do Now Tuesday, 14 FEB 17
FT 6.0 DUE at beginning of class today.
Take out notebook
Pick up new blue Engineering Worksheet
Update engineering worksheet:
Current Unit – LTA
Principle at Work –Directional control requires an application of both THRUST and DRAG
Select new Group Roles/Tasks for FT 7.0
Flight Test 7.0
Day One

7. Flight Test 7.0 Do Now Tuesday, 14 FEB 17
Materials – pick up
Group Mylar balloons
Propeller kit (one per group)
Propeller; anchor; plastic straw; 3 or 4 rubber bands; threading string; tape
One balsa wood stick per group
Problem: Once you have neutral buoyancy, how do you get directional control?
Safety – pick up safety eye wear
Use the digital scale to determine the MASS of the propeller kit parts
Ask for additional materials as needed/available.
Flight Test 7.0
Day One

8. Clean-up HOMEWORK Floor and desktops free of debris Chairs pushed-in
Complete EW 6.0 (if necessary)
Study for HTA Test
Floor and desktops free of debris
Chairs pushed-in

9. Flight Test 7.2 Take out notebook – Open to FT 7.0
Do Now Wednesday, 15 FEB 17
Take out notebook – Open to FT 7.0
Update engineering worksheet:
Current Unit – LTA
Principle at Work –Directional control requires an application of both THRUST and DRAG
Double check with group:
Criteria for Success?
Are you collecting data including units?
Flight Test 7.2
Day Two

10. Review Unit Two – LTA Flight - Mini-Lessons H to K
Five multiple choice questions
Example: Lift is generated in an airship as a result of the INSIDE gas having a ______ density than the surrounding OUTSIDE atmosphere.
Greater
Lesser
Equal
No change
One SHORT ANSWER
Example: Explain Charles’ Law, and give an example of how it might affect a balloon’s flight. (Use diagrams to illustrate your answer.)
Review
Unit Two – Lighter Than Air (LTA)
A complete answer will include: CHARLES’ LAW states that as the temperature of a gas increases, so does its volume, too. A balloon should fly better as the temperature of its lifting gas goes up because as volume increases, density decreases.

11. Mini-Lesson H: Lighter-than-Air (LTA) Introduction
Lighter-than-Air flight is based on principles of AEROSTATICS
Balloons are the earliest machines invented capable of manned flight (1783)
Lift is generated by a of DIFFERENCE in DENSITY between gases
Warm air is less dense than cold air – hot air is MUCH less dense than cold air
Certain gases – Hydrogen (H) and Helium (He) are naturally less dense than the surrounding Nitrogen (N) atmosphere
Balloon - shape due to internal air pressure; does not have means for thrust (depend upon wind for direction)
Blimp - shape due to internal air pressure; has a means for thrust and directional control
Dirigible - shape due to internal structure; has thrust and directional control.
Goodyear's Latest Airship

12. Mini-Lesson I: LTA Fundamentals
Measurements and calculations will be in metric. Mass (grams, g); Linear distance (centimeters, cm); Volume (liters, l, and cubic centimeters, cm3 or cc)
Density is the key measurement in understanding LTA flight – if the density of the gas INSIDE the aircraft is significantly lower than the density of the atmosphere OUTSIDE the aircraft, the aircraft will have lift. Density = mass/volume.
LTA aircraft can be thought of in three basic shapes: rectangular cubes (“boxes”), cylinders (“tubes”) and spheres (“balls”)
The volume of a rectangular cube (“box”) = length x width x height. (l x w x h)
The volume of a cylinder (“tube”) = πr2h, where “h” is the height (or length) of the cylinder, and “r” is the radius (or, ½ of the diameter) of the cylinder
The volume of a sphere (“ball”) is: 4/3πr3, and “r” is the radius (or, ½ of the diameter) of the sphere.
Notice that the shape of the USS Los Angeles approximates a cylinder…a very, very BIG cylinder.

13. Volume Applications Estimating Volume (1)
Rectangular cube (“box”) = length x width x height. (l x w x h)
Round data to largest whole numbers
Do multiplication
Add “zeros” and units
Example: l = 23 m, w = 43 m, h = 56 m
20 x 40 x 50
2 x 4 x 5 = 40
40,000 m3
Volume Applications
LTA Unit Review

14. Volume Applications Estimating Volume (2)
Cylinder (“tube”) = πr2h, where “h” is the height (or length) of the cylinder, and “r” is the radius (or, ½ of the diameter) of the cylinder
Round data to largest whole numbers
Do multiplication
Add “zeros” and units
Example: π = 3.14 (3), r = 7.3 m, h = 42 m
3 x 72 (49) x 40
3 x 5 x 4 = 60
6000 m3
Volume Applications
LTA Unit Review

15. Volume Applications Estimating Volume (3)
Sphere (“ball”) is: 4/3πr3, and “r” is the radius (or, ½ of the diameter) of the sphere.
Round data to largest whole numbers
Do multiplication
Add “zeros” and units
Example: 4/3 = 1.3, π = 3.14 (3), r = 1.7 m
1.3 (1) x 3.14 (3) x 23
1 x 3 x 8 = 24
24 m3
Volume Applications
LTA Unit Review

16. Mini-Lesson J: Helium vs. Hydrogen
Certain gases – Hydrogen (H) and Helium (He) are naturally less dense than the surrounding Nitrogen (N) atmosphere
Hydrogen is VERY chemically reactive (combustible). Helium is completely chemically non-reactive (does NOT burn or explode)
Airship designers often conservatively estimate helium’s lift at 27.2 kgs per 28.3 m3 and hydrogen’s lift at 38.4 kgs per 28.3 m3.

17. Mini-Lesson K: Three Gas Laws
Boyle's Law: The pressure of a gas is inversely proportional to its volume.
When the VOLUME gets smaller, the PRESSURE gets higher
Charles' Law: the volume of a gas is proportional to its temperature.
When the TEMPERATURE gets higher, the VOLUME gets higher
Gay-Lussac's Law: The temperature of a gas is directly proportional to its pressure.
When the TEMPERATURE gets higher, the PRESSURE gets higher

18. Flight Test 7.2 Do Now Wednesday, 15 FEB 17
Materials – pick up
Group Mylar balloons
Propeller kit (one per group)
Propeller; anchor; plastic straw; 3 or 4 rubber bands; threading string; tape
One balsa wood stick per group
Problem: Once you have neutral buoyancy, how do you get directional control?
Safety – pick up safety eye wear
Use the digital scale to determine the MASS of the propeller kit parts
Ask for additional materials as needed/available.
Flight Test 7.2
Day Two

19. Clean-up HOMEWORK Floor and desktops free of debris Chairs pushed-in
Work on FT 7.0 (if necessary)
Study for HTA Test
Floor and desktops free of debris
Chairs pushed-in

20. Flight Test 7.3 Take out notebook – Open to FT 7.0
Do Now Thursday, 16 FEB 17
Take out notebook – Open to FT 7.0
Update engineering worksheet:
Have you collected your data from yesterday?
What are you changing to improve performance
Double check with group:
Criteria for Success?
Are you collecting data including units?
Flight Test 7.3
Day Three

21. Clean-up HOMEWORK Floor and desktops free of debris Chairs pushed-in
Complete EW 7.0 (if necessary)
Study for HTA Test
Floor and desktops free of debris
Chairs pushed-in

22. Do Now FEB 17
Turn-in EW for Flight Test 7.0 (FT 7.0) if you haven’t already done so
Take out a pencil
Pick-up a test blind for Unit 2 Test
Clear desktop

23. After Completing the Unit 2 Test 17 FEB 17
Put away the test blind
Finish any MISSING Flight Tests (FT 6.0 and 7.0)
Quiet Study Hall afterwards
Personal devices may be used for music (ONLY)

24. Clean-up All materials turned in Floor and desktops free of debris
Chairs pushed-in