1. Organizing the Elements Page 131
Chapter 4.2
Organizing the Elements
Page 131

2. The 1st Periodic Table In 1869, there were 63 known elements.
These included a few gases, 2 liquids and the rest solids.
Some reacted very violently and some reacted very slowly.
A Russian Scientist, Dmitri Mendeleev, discovered that there were patterns that applied to all of the elements. He arranged them in a table, the periodic table of elements.

3. The Periodic Table Dimitri Ivanovich Mendeleev (1834-1907)
Born in Siberia the youngest of 17 children!
Refused admission to the university
Became a school teacher
Loved to play Patience, a card game like solitaire

4. The Periodic Table
He began to group elements that had similar chemical and physical properties
Then grouped according to atomic mass and bonding power
Saw patterns among the elements

5. Mendeleev’s Discoveries
He knew that some elements have similar chemical and physical properties and thought that these similar properties were the secrets to a hidden pattern.
To discover this pattern, Mendeleev wrote down each element’s melting point, density, atomic mass and color on individual cards.
When arranging the cards in various ways, Mendeleev noticed that a pattern of properties appeared when he arranged the elements in order of increasing atomic mass.
Group by group, this arrangement became known as the 1st periodic table!

6. Predicting New Elements…
After arranging the 63 known elements there were 3 blank spaces.
These spaces were elements that had not yet been discovered and he was even able to predict these unknown elements’ chemical and physical properties! WOW!!!

7. The Modern Periodic Table
Since Mendeleev’s 1st periodic table, the modern periodic table contains more than 100 elements.
In the modern periodic table, the elements are arranged in order of increasing atomic number.
The properties of an element can be predicted from its location on the periodic table.

8. Divisions of the Periodic Table
The Periodic Table can be broken up into 4 general categories:
The metals
Nonmetals
Inert Gases
Semimetals

9. The Periods in the Periodic Table…
Periods: The periodic table is organized into horizontal rows called periods.
Periods contain a series of different elements
The periodic table contains 7 periods – the number of electron levels
Period 1 has 2 elements
Periods 2 and 3 each have 8 elements
Periods 4 and 5 have 18 elements
Period 6 has 32 elements
Periods 6 and 7 are placed off the table to save space and are known as the lantahnides and actinides.

10. Periods Cont.
From Left to Right the elements change in a predictable pattern:
Metals are located on the left where as nonmetals are located on the right.
Atoms increase in mass from left to right
Atoms increase in size from top to bottom, but decrease in size from left to right

11. The Groups in the Periodic Table…
The vertical columns of the periodic table are called groups (or families).
Groups are also known as “families” (groups of elements with similar characteristics)
Patterns can also be predicted from groups.
Examples:
Each element in each group contains the same number of valence electron (the number of electrons in the outer most energy level)
Each family of elements generally reacts the same with other groups (all group 1 elements react very violently with group 17 elements)

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13. Reading the Periodic Table
Each square in the periodic table contains lots of information. In your textbook it contains 4 pieces of information:
An element’s atomic number
An element’s chemical symbol
This is a representation of an element, consists of 1 or 2 letters.
An element’s name
An element’s atomic mass.
Atomic number
Chemical Symbol
Element name
Atomic Mass