1. Organic Compounds
An organic compound is any compound that contains both Carbon (C) and Hydrogen (H) in its chemical formula.
Carbon is an atom that is exceptional at making many compounds because it can make 4 covalent bonds.

2. Hydrocarbons
Hydrocarbons are the simplest organic compounds.
Hydrocarbons are organic compounds ONLY made of Hydrogen and Carbon.

3. Saturated and Unsaturated Hydrocarbons.
In a saturated hydrocarbon, all carbon atoms form single bonds with hydrogen. They are saturated because they make the maximum number of hydrogen bonds. (Ex: C2H6)
Unsaturated hydrocarbons make at least one double or triple covalent bond in the molecule (Ex: C2H2)

4. Common Hydrocarbons Methane (Natural Gas) Butane (Found in lighters)
Propane (Outdoor Gas Grills)
Octane (Found in Gasoline)
Ethylene (Found in Crude Oil and Plastics)

5. Basic Organic Compounds

6. Isomers
A molecule that has the same chemical formula as another molecule (meaning the same #of atoms) is known as an isomer.
Two isomers are different because the atoms are not arranged in the same way.
Isomers will have slightly difference properties (chemical and physical) because of the different arrangements of the molecules.

7. Graphite vs. Diamond

8. Aromatic Hydrocarbons
The chemical bonds in aromatics form a ring in the structure made of at least 6 carbon atoms in the molecule.
Aromatics have a strong smell to humans, some pleasant and others foul.
The most common aromatic hydrocarbon is benzene (C6H6), which is found in gasoline. Benzene is a known carcinogen in humans.

9. Other Organic Compounds (Aromatics)

10. Other Organic Compounds
Substituted Hydrocarbons: Another elements is substituted in the molecule for hydrogen, such as chlorine (Cl) or sulfur (S).
(OH) ions make alcohols.
(COOH) groups make organic acids

11. Polymers
Definition: A molecule that is made of repeating structural units. Each individual unit is known as a monomer.

12. Examples of Polymers Plastics (synthetic)
Rubber (synthetic and natural)
Cellulose (natural)
DNA (natural)
Protein (natural)

13. Important Vocabulary
Plastic – Bendable, but does not return to original shape
-- Plastomer – bendable polymers
Elastic – Bendable, but does return to original shape
-- Elastomers – Elastic polymers
Brittle – Not flexible. Will break, not bend

14. Linear Polymer Structure
Polymers that are bonded in straight lines
Generally high Melting Point
High Density

15. Branched Structure Monomers branch off a polymer structure
Low Density because they occupy more space

16. Entanglement When polymer chain (or chains) get tangled
Think of a tangled ball of string
Cold pile of spaghetti
More entangled = stronger and less flexible

17. Cross-Linked Polymer Linear polymers are linked together
Hard, brittle, not flexible
More cross-links = increase strength and stiffness

18. Addition of Heat Chains tangle Chains untangle
Think of shrink wrapping on DVD’s
Polymer shrinks as chains tangle
Chains untangle
Think of stretching some hot plastics
Polymers are able to be stretched and untangled

19. Molecular Structures of Polymers Used for Plastics
The ethylene molecule is manipulated in different chain structures to give the plastic certain physical properties.
The base hydrocarbon is substituted with other atoms (ex, chlorine in PVC) to create new plastics with different physical properties.

20. Petroleum
Petroleum is the natural resource that is used to make several common polymers, including plastics.
Petroleum is a dark black liquid that is a mixture of organic compounds.
Petroleum forms from the remains of ancient plant life in shallow oceans. (NOT DINOSAURS!)

21. Oil Refineries

22. Boiling points
When the temperature reaches the boiling point, the average kinetic energy of the liquid particles is sufficient to overcome the forces of attraction that hold molecules in the liquid state. Then these molecules break away from the liquid forming the gas state

23. Combustion of fossil fuels
Incomplete:
2C3H8 + 7O2  6CO + 8H2O
Complete
C3H8 + 5O2  3CO2 + 4H2O

24. Incomplete Combustion
Incomplete combustion forms CO and forms when there is insufficient oxygen to form CO2
It is a problem b/c it bonds to hemoglobin better than CO2, ruins the hemoglbin cell and can suffocate you!
Excess carbon particles cause respiratory distress!

25. Common Household Items Made of Plastic

26. Top Oil Consuming Countries of the World

27. Tensile Strength – The amount of force that can exerted on a material before it fails.
PVC Polyvinylchloride PS Polystyrene HDPE High density polyethylene PP Polypropylene

28. Melting Point
PVC Polyvinylchloride PS Polystyrene HDPE High density polyethylene PP Polypropylene