1. American Schooling in Historical & Comparative Perspective

2. History of American Education

3. Reaction to Readings? Women’s education… Indian boarding schools… Homeschooling…

5. Trends in Enrollment & Completion

6. Source: Snyder, Thomas Years of American Education: A Statistical Portrait. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Education, Office of Educational Research and Improvement

7. Source: Snyder, Thomas Years of American Education: A Statistical Portrait. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Education, Office of Educational Research and Improvement

8. Source: Snyder, Thomas Years of American Education: A Statistical Portrait. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Education, Office of Educational Research and Improvement

9. Source: Snyder, Thomas Years of American Education: A Statistical Portrait. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Education, Office of Educational Research and Improvement

10. Source: Snyder, Thomas Years of American Education: A Statistical Portrait. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Education, Office of Educational Research and Improvement

11. Source: Snyder, Thomas Years of American Education: A Statistical Portrait. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Education, Office of Educational Research and Improvement

12. Source: Snyder, Thomas Years of American Education: A Statistical Portrait. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Education, Office of Educational Research and Improvement

13. Trends in School Inputs

14. Source: Snyder, Thomas Years of American Education: A Statistical Portrait. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Education, Office of Educational Research and Improvement

15. Source: Snyder, Thomas Years of American Education: A Statistical Portrait. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Education, Office of Educational Research and Improvement

17. Source: Snyder, Thomas Years of American Education: A Statistical Portrait. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Education, Office of Educational Research and Improvement

18. Source: Snyder, Thomas Years of American Education: A Statistical Portrait. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Education, Office of Educational Research and Improvement

19. Source: National Center for Education Statistics. 2013
Source: National Center for Education Statistics The Nation s Report Card: Trends in Academic Progress NCES Washington, D.C.: Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education.

20. Trends in Achievement Test Scores

21. Source: National Center for Education Statistics. 2013
Source: National Center for Education Statistics The Nation s Report Card: Trends in Academic Progress NCES Washington, D.C.: Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education.

22. Source: National Center for Education Statistics. 2013
Source: National Center for Education Statistics The Nation s Report Card: Trends in Academic Progress NCES Washington, D.C.: Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education.

23. Source: National Center for Education Statistics. 2013
Source: National Center for Education Statistics The Nation s Report Card: Trends in Academic Progress NCES Washington, D.C.: Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education.

24. Source: National Center for Education Statistics. 2013
Source: National Center for Education Statistics The Nation s Report Card: Trends in Academic Progress NCES Washington, D.C.: Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education.

25. Source: National Center for Education Statistics. 2013
Source: National Center for Education Statistics The Nation s Report Card: Trends in Academic Progress NCES Washington, D.C.: Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education.

26. Source: National Center for Education Statistics. 2013
Source: National Center for Education Statistics The Nation s Report Card: Trends in Academic Progress NCES Washington, D.C.: Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education.

27. Source: National Center for Education Statistics. 2013
Source: National Center for Education Statistics The Nation s Report Card: Trends in Academic Progress NCES Washington, D.C.: Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education.

28. Source: National Center for Education Statistics. 2013
Source: National Center for Education Statistics The Nation s Report Card: Trends in Academic Progress NCES Washington, D.C.: Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education.

29. Source: National Center for Education Statistics. 2013
Source: National Center for Education Statistics The Nation s Report Card: Trends in Academic Progress NCES Washington, D.C.: Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education.

30. How Has the Validity of These Statements Changed Over Time?
“Access to [schools] is unequal”
“Schooling outcomes are unequal”
“There are life-long consequences for students of doing well in [schools]”
“Unlike other forms of education, we pay for [schools] collectively and we can change how they work”

31. Quiz Results

32. American Education in Global Perspective

33. Kena, G. , Hussar W. , McFarland J. , de Brey C. , Musu-Gillette, L
Kena, G., Hussar W., McFarland J., de Brey C., Musu-Gillette, L., Wang, X., Zhang, J., Rathbun, A., WilkinsonFlicker, S., Diliberti M., Barmer, A., Bullock Mann, F., and Dunlop Velez, E. (2016). The Condition of Education 2016 (NCES ). U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics. Washington, DC. Retrieved [date] from

34. Kena, G. , Hussar W. , McFarland J. , de Brey C. , Musu-Gillette, L
Kena, G., Hussar W., McFarland J., de Brey C., Musu-Gillette, L., Wang, X., Zhang, J., Rathbun, A., WilkinsonFlicker, S., Diliberti M., Barmer, A., Bullock Mann, F., and Dunlop Velez, E. (2016). The Condition of Education 2016 (NCES ). U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics. Washington, DC. Retrieved [date] from

35. Kena, G. , Hussar W. , McFarland J. , de Brey C. , Musu-Gillette, L
Kena, G., Hussar W., McFarland J., de Brey C., Musu-Gillette, L., Wang, X., Zhang, J., Rathbun, A., WilkinsonFlicker, S., Diliberti M., Barmer, A., Bullock Mann, F., and Dunlop Velez, E. (2016). The Condition of Education 2016 (NCES ). U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics. Washington, DC. Retrieved [date] from

36. U. S. Department of Education. 2014
U.S. Department of Education Problem Solving Skills of 15-Year-Olds: Results from PISA NCES Washington, DC: National Center for Education Statistics.

37. U. S. Department of Education. 2014
U.S. Department of Education Financial Literacy of 15-Year-Olds: Results from PISA NCES Washington, DC: National Center for Education Statistics.

38. Kena, G. , Hussar W. , McFarland J. , de Brey C. , Musu-Gillette, L
Kena, G., Hussar W., McFarland J., de Brey C., Musu-Gillette, L., Wang, X., Zhang, J., Rathbun, A., WilkinsonFlicker, S., Diliberti M., Barmer, A., Bullock Mann, F., and Dunlop Velez, E. (2016). The Condition of Education 2016 (NCES ). U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics. Washington, DC. Retrieved [date] from

39. Kena, G. , Hussar W. , McFarland J. , de Brey C. , Musu-Gillette, L
Kena, G., Hussar W., McFarland J., de Brey C., Musu-Gillette, L., Wang, X., Zhang, J., Rathbun, A., WilkinsonFlicker, S., Diliberti M., Barmer, A., Bullock Mann, F., and Dunlop Velez, E. (2016). The Condition of Education 2016 (NCES ). U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics. Washington, DC. Retrieved [date] from

40. Miller, D. C. , and Warren, L. K. (2011)
Miller, D.C., and Warren, L.K. (2011). Comparative Indicators of Education in the United States and Other G-8 Countries: 2011 (NCES ). U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.

41. Miller, D. C. , and Warren, L. K. (2011)
Miller, D.C., and Warren, L.K. (2011). Comparative Indicators of Education in the United States and Other G-8 Countries: 2011 (NCES ). U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.

42. Why is the US “average” on most measures despite investing more resources?
Things the schools do (or fail to do)

45. Why is the US “average” on most measures despite investing more resources?
Things the schools do (or fail to do)
The backgrounds and attributes of students

46. OECD (2016), Income inequality (indicator). doi: 10
OECD (2016), Income inequality (indicator). doi: /459aa7f1-en (Accessed on 15 September 2016)

47. OECD (2016), Income inequality (indicator). doi: 10
OECD (2016), Income inequality (indicator). doi: /459aa7f1-en (Accessed on 15 September 2016)

48. Why is the US “average” on most measures despite investing more resources?
Things the schools do (or fail to do)
The backgrounds and attributes of students

49. Things the schools do (or fail to do)
Why is the US “average” on most measures despite investing more resources?
Things the schools do (or fail to do)
School organization
Funding models, resources
Teachers and school/district leadership
Curriculum
The backgrounds and attributes of students

50. Things the schools do (or fail to do)
Why is the US “average” on most measures despite investing more resources?
Things the schools do (or fail to do)
The backgrounds and attributes of students
Economic resources
Family circumstances
Expectations, norms

51. What Are the Implications of All of This for These Statements?
“Access to [schools] is unequal”
“Schooling outcomes are unequal”
“There are life-long consequences for students of doing well in [schools]”
“Unlike other forms of education, we pay for [schools] collectively and we can change how they work”