1. Chapter 01 Lecture Outline
See separate PowerPoint slides for all figures and tables pre-inserted into PowerPoint without notes.
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2. mushroom on northern forest floor male peacock displaying feathers
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monarch butterfly
feeding on nectar
Masai giraffes
giant sequoia
planet Earth
Figure 1.1
mushroom on northern forest floor
male peacock displaying feathers
humans in a city
(sequoia): © Robert Glusic/Getty RF; (mushroom): © IT Stock/Age Fotostock RF; (peacock): © Brand X Pictures/PunchStock RF; (humans): © Heath Korvola/UpperCut Images/Getty RF; (giraffes): © Dr. Sylvia S. Mader; (butterfly): © Creatas/PunchStock RF; (Earth): © Ingram Publishing/Alamy RF

3. 1.1 The Characteristics of Life
Life exists almost everywhere on Earth.
Earth possesses a great variety of diverse life forms.
All living things have certain characteristics in common.

4. The Characteristics of Living Organisms
Are organized
Acquire materials and energy
Reproduce
Respond to stimuli
Are homeostatic
Grow and develop
Have the capacity to adapt

5. Organisms organized in a hierarchy of levels
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Organisms organized in a hierarchy of levels
Organisms
tree
human
A cell is the smallest unit of life.
A tissue is a group of similar cells that perform a particular function.
Several tissues join together to form an organ.
Organs work together to form an organ system.
Organ Systems
organ system
Organs
leaf
brain
Tissues
leaf tissues
nerve tissue
plant cell
nerve cell
Cells
DNA molecule
Molecules
Atoms

6. Organisms need external material and energy sources to maintain their organization and carry on life’s activities.
Energy is the capacity to do work.

7. Organisms Reproduce Life arises from life.
Genes are units of information within an individual’s DNA.
Reproduction is the process by which an organism makes more of itself.
DNA which directs cellular functions is duplicated prior to an organism reproducing.

8. Organisms Respond to Stimuli
Organisms respond to external stimuli by moving toward or away from the stimuli.
Organisms use a variety of mechanisms for movement in response to stimuli.
Movement of an organism constitutes a large part of its behavior.
Behavior is directed toward avoiding injury, acquiring food or mating.

9. Organisms are Homeostatic
Homeostasis (“staying the same”) refers to the requirement that organisms maintain a relatively constant internal environment.
For example, human body temperature fluctuates slightly throughout the day.

10. Growth – increase in size or number of cells
Figure 1.4
Growth – increase in size or number of cells
Development – changes that take place from conception to death

11. Organisms Have the Capacity to Adapt
During the nearly 4 billion years that life has been on Earth, the environment has constantly changed.
Some individuals of a species may be better fit in a new environment.
Adaptations are features that make individual organisms better suited to the new environment.

12. Organisms Have the Capacity to Adapt
Individuals better adapted to their environment tend to produce more offspring.
Natural Selection is the differential reproductive success of adapted individual.
Results in changes of characteristics of a population over time
Evolution the change in frequency of traits in populations and species.

13. 1.2 The Classification of Organisms
Living organisms are assigned to groups based upon their similarities.
Systematics is the discipline of identifying and classifying organisms.
Each organism is classified in a domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus and species.

14. Domains Domains are the largest classification category.
Organisms are assigned to 1 of 3 domains based on biochemical and genetic evidence: domain Archea, domain Bacteria, or domain Eukarya.

15. Domains
Domains Archea and Bacteria include unicellular prokaryotic cells.
Cells that lack a true nucleus
Domain Eukarya include eukaryotic cells.
Cells with a true nucleus
Genes found in the DNA within the nucleus

16. © Ralph Robinson/Visuals Unlimited
Domain Archaea
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DOMAIN ARCHAEA
Archaea live in extreme environments.
Too little O2, too salty, too hot, or too acidic for most other organisms
Methanosarcina mazei
a. Archaea are capable of living in extreme environments.
1.6 µm
© Ralph Robinson/Visuals Unlimited
Figure 1.5a

17. © A.B. Dowsett/SPL/Photo Researchers, Inc.
Domain Bacteria
Bacteria are found almost everywhere on the planet Earth.
Some are present within humans.
Some bacteria cause disease but many are beneficial.
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DOMAIN BACTERIA
Escherichia coli
b. Bacteria are found nearly everywhere.
1.5 µm
© A.B. Dowsett/SPL/Photo Researchers, Inc.
Figure 1.5b

18. Kingdoms
Eukaryotes (Domain Eukarya) are further categorized into one of four Kingdoms
Kingdom Protista – may be several kingdoms
Kingdom Fungi
Kingdom Plantae
Kingdom Animalia

19. Figure 1.5c DOMAIN EUKARYA
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DOMAIN EUKARYA
Kingdom
Organization T
ype of Nutrition
Representative Organisms
Complex single cell,
some multicellular
Absorb,
photosynthesize,
or ingest food
Protozoans,
algae, water molds,
and slime molds
Protista
paramecium
euglenoid
slime mold
dinoflagellate
Some unicellular,
most multicellular
filamentous forms
with specialized
complex cells
Fungi
Absorb food
Molds, yeasts,
and mushrooms
black bread mold
yeast
mushroom
bracket fungus
Multicellular form
with specialized
complex cells
Mosses, ferns,
nonwoody and
woody flowering
plants
Plantae
Photosynthesize
food
nonwoody
flowering plant
moss
fern
pine tree
Multicellular form
with specialized
complex cells
Invertebrates,
fishes, reptiles,
amphibians, birds,
and mammals
Animalia
Ingest food
sea star
earthworm
finch
raccoon
c. Eukaryotes are divided into four kingdoms.
Figure 1.5c

20. Figure 1.5 DOMAIN ARCHAEA DOMAIN BACTERI A DOMAIN EUKARYA
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DOMAIN ARCHAEA
DOMAIN BACTERI A
Methanosarcina mazei
Escherichia coli a.
Archaea are capable of living in extreme environments.
1.6 m
b. Bacteria are found nearly everywhere.
1.5 m
DOMAIN EUKARYA
Kingdom
Organization T
ype of Nutrition
Representative Organisms
Complex single cell,
some multicellular
Absorb,
photosynthesize,
or ingest food
Protozoans,
algae, water molds,
and slime molds
Protista
paramecium
euglenoid
slime mold
dinoflagellate
Some unicellular,
most multicellular
filamentous forms
with specialized
complex cells
Fungi
Absorb food
Molds, yeasts,
and mushrooms
black bread mold
yeast
mushroom
bracket fungus
Multicellular form
with specialized
complex cells
Mosses, ferns,
nonwoody and
woody flowering
plants
Plantae
Photosynthesize
food
nonwoody
flowering plant
moss
fern
pine tree
Multicellular form
with specialized
complex cells
Invertebrates,
fishes, reptiles,
amphibians, birds,
and mammals
Animalia
Ingest food
Figure 1.5
sea star
earthworm
finch
raccoon
c. Eukaryotes are divided into four kingdoms.
(bacteria): © A.B. Dowsett/SPL/Photo Researchers, Inc.; (archaean): © Ralph Robinson/Visuals Unlimited

21. Categories of Classification
Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
Least inclusive
Most inclusive

22. Categories of Classification
Systematics helps biologists better understand the variety of life on Earth.
Organisms are classified according to their presumed evolutionary relationships.
Systematists now perform experiments that may result in changes in the current classification system.

23. Categories of Classification

24. Scientific Names
Taxonomy is the assignment of a binomial to each species.
Binomial (two name)
Genus name, species name
Genus capitalized, both words in italics
Examples:
Homo sapiens
Pisum sativum
Felis domesticus

25. 1.3 The Organization of the Biosphere
The zone of air, land, and water at the surface of the Earth where living organisms are found
Population
All the members of a species within a particular area
Community
All the different populations in the same area

26. The Organization of the Biosphere
Ecosystem
Community interact among themselves & with the physical environment (soil, atmosphere, etc.)
Characteristics
Chemical cycling – chemicals move from one species to another
Energy flow – energy flows from the sun, through plants, through the food chain

27. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc
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heat
solar
energy
heat
heat
heat
heat
heat
WASTE MATERIAL,DEATH,
AND DECOMPOSITION
Chemical cycling
Energy flow
Figure 1.6

28. Ecosystems
Climate largely determines where different ecosystems are found around the globe.
The two most biologically diverse ecosystems—tropical rain forests and coral reefs—occur where solar energy is most abundant.

29. Figure 1.7 great barracuda attached algae white shark green moray
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great
barracuda
attached
algae
white shark
green
moray
yellowtail
snapper
yellow
jack
foureye
butterfly fish
Spanish
hogfish
corals
bar jack
queen angelfish
sponges
parrotfish
sea
urchin
Bermuda
chub
spiny
lobster
zooplankton
surgeonfish
phytoplankton
yellowtail
damselfish
sea
star
detritus
Figure 1.7
sea grass

30. The Human Species
The human species tends to modify existing ecosystems for its own purposes.
Tropical rain forests and coral reefs are severely threatened as global human population increases.
Humans depend on healthy ecosystems for food, medicine, and raw materials.

31. Biodiversity Encompasses
Total number of species
The variability in their genes
The ecosystems in which they live
As many as 5-30 million species exist on Earth.
Human activities cause the extinction of about 400 species per day.

32. 1.4 The Process of Science Biology is the scientific study of life.
Biologists—and all scientists—generally test hypotheses using the scientific method.

33. Input from various sources is used to formulate a testable statement.
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Observation
New observations
are made, and previous
data are studied.
Hypothesis
Input from various sources
is used to formulate a
testable statement.
Experiment/Observations
Conclusion
The hypothesis is
tested by experiment
or further observations.
The results are analyzed,
and the hypothesis is
supported or rejected.
Scientific Theory
Many experiments and
observations support a
theory.
© Photo by Ron Nichols, USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service

34. Observation
Scientists tend to be curious about nature and how the world works.
Natural phenomena may be better understood by observing and studying them.
Scientist use their senses to make observations.
They can extend their abilities by using instruments.

35. Hypothesis
Inductive reasoning occurs when one uses creative thinking to combine isolated facts into a cohesive whole.
A scientist states a hypothesis, a tentative explanation for the natural event.
It is presented as a falsifiable statement.
Personal experiences may influence their hypothesis.
Hypotheses should be testable.

36. Experiment/Further Observations
To determine how to test a hypothesis, scientists use deductive reasoning
Involves “if, then” logic
For example, a scientist might reason, if organisms are composed of cells, then examination of an organism should reveal cells.
One can also imply that the scientist has made a prediction.

37. Experiment/Further Observations
To test their hypothesis, scientists conduct experiments.
Experimental design is the manner in which a scientist intends to conduct an experiment.
Experimenter should ensure that testing is specific and the results will be meaningful.
A control should be included in the experiment.

38. Experiment/Further Observations
Scientists often use a model, a representation of an actual subject.
For example:
Computer modeling to study climate changes
Mice to perform cancer research

39. Data Data represent the results of an experiment.
Should be observable and objective
Should not be subjective or opinion-based
Mathematical data is displayed as table and/or graph.
Statistical data is used to rule out that results were due to chance.

40. Conclusion
A conclusion is the analysis of the data to determine if the hypothesis can be supported or not.
The conclusion from one experiment may be used to form a hypothesis for another experiment.
If the results do not support the hypothesis, then it may be used to formulate an alternate hypothesis.

41. Scientific Theory
Scientific theories are concepts that join together well-supported and related hypotheses.
In science, a theory is supported by a broad range of observations, experiments, and data.
Examples: cell , homeostasis, gene, ecosystem, and evolution
The theory of evolution is the unifying concept of biology.

42. A Controlled Study
Experiments in controlled studies have two types of groups:
Control Group – receives no treatment
Experimental Group – receives treatment
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Experimental Variable
(Independent Variable)
Response Variable
(Dependent Variable)
Factor of the experiment
being tested
Result or change that occurs
due to the experimental variable

43. A Controlled Study Experimental background:
nitrogen fertilizers increase crop yields in the short term;
continued use can cause pollution, as well as alter soil properties;
altered soil properties lead to reduced crop yields;
one solution is to leave the land unplanted for several years.

44. A Controlled Study Experimental background:
An alternate to nitrogen fertilizers is to use legumes, such as peas or beans.
These plants allow the growth of bacteria on their root nodules.
These bacteria convert atmospheric nitrogen to a form usable to plants.
These legume crops can be rotated with cereal crops to increase yield.

45. The Experiment
HYPOTHESIS: A pigeon pea/winter wheat rotation will cause winter wheat production to increase, as well as, or better than, nitrogen fertilizer.
PREDICTION: Wheat production (biomass) following the growth of pigeon peas will surpass wheat biomass following nitrogen fertilizer treatment.

46. The Experiment Control Pots Test Pots
Winter wheat with no nitrogen fertilizer or legume preplanting
Test Pots
Winter wheat in soil treated with nitrogen fertilizer (45kg/ha)
Winter wheat in soil treated with nitrogen fertilizer (90kg/ha)
Pigeon pea plants tilled into soil and then winter wheat planted

47. Figure 1.10a Control pot Test pot Test pot no fertilization treatment
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Control pot
Test pot
Test pot
no fertilization treatment
90 kg of nitrogen/ha
Pigeon pea/winter wheat rotation
a. Control pot and three types of test pots
Test pot
45 kg of nitrogen/ha
Courtesy Jim Bidlack
Figure 1.10a

48. The Experiment All other conditions were kept the same in all pots.
Exposed to same environmental conditions
Watered equally
The following spring, wheat plants were dried and weighed.
Biomass was determined.

49. Figure 1.10b 20 15 Wheat Biomass (grams/pot) 10 5 year 1 year 2 year 3
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 20
Control Pots
= no fertilization treatment
Test Pots 15
= 45 kg of nitrogen/ha
= 90 kg of nitrogen/ha
= Pigeon pea/winter wheat rotation
Wheat Biomass (grams/pot) 10 5
year 1
year 2
year 3
b. Results
Figure 1.10b

50. Figure 1.10 Control pot Test pot Test pot no fertilization treatment
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Control pot
Test pot
Test pot
no fertilization treatment
90 kg of nitrogen/ha
Pigeon pea/winter wheat rotation 20
Control Pots
= no fertilization treatment 15
Test Pots
= 45 kg of nitrogen/ha
= 90 kg of nitrogen/ha
= Pigeon pea/winter wheat rotation
Wheat Biomass (grams/pot) 10
a. Control pot and three types of test pots
Test pot
45 kg of nitrogen/ha 5
year 1
year 2
year 3
Figure 1.10
b. Results
Courtesy Jim Bidlack

51. The Experiment The results after one year:
Wheat biomass was higher in test pots than control pots.
Pots with 45kg/ha of fertilizer had only slighter higher biomass.
Pots with 90kg/ha of fertilizer had nearly twice the biomass as control.
Pots with pigeon pea plants tilled into soil and then winter wheat planted did not have a biomass greater than control pots.

52. Continuing The Experiment
The Results after Two Years:
Conclusion: The hypothesis was supported.
At the end of two years, the yield of winter wheat following a pigeon pea/winter wheat rotation was better than for the other type pots.

53. Continuing The Experiment
The Results after Three Years:
Winter wheat biomass decreased in both the control pots and pots treated with nitrogen fertilizer.
Pots with fertilizer still had more wheat biomass than control pots.
Wheat biomass increased almost fourfold in pots pea/wheat rotation.

54. Ecological Importance of Study
The use of legumes long-term was more effective in wheat biomass production than the use of nitrogen fertilizer.
This study represents a form of organic gardening which not only increased yield, but also reduced pollution.
Organic farming may benefit farmers and the environment.

55. 1.5 Science and Social Responsibility
Technology is the application of knowledge for a practical purpose.
Technology has both benefits and drawbacks
Ethical and moral issues surrounding the use of technology must be decided by everyone.
Responsibility for how to use scientific technology must reside with people from all walks of life, not with scientists alone.