1. THE EVOLUTION OF THE TOURISM INDUSTRY
COLBOURNE COLLEGE
PRESENTED BY
SADEKE SMITH

2. OUTLINE Define tourism Explain the tourism system
Identify types of tourism
Explain why people travel
Examine the factors that stimulate travel

3. WHAT IS TOURISM?

4. DEFINING TOURISM - Halloway, 1998, The Business of Tourism, pp. 1-2
The sum of the phenomena and
relationships arising from the travel
& stay of non-residents, in so far as
they do not lead to permanent
residence and are not connected to
any earning activity
- Halloway, 1998, The Business of Tourism, pp. 1-2

5. DEFINING TOURISM
The Tourism Society in Britain describes tourism “in terms of particular activities selected by choice and undertaken outside the home environment. They may or may not involve overnight stay away from home” (cited in Halloway, The Business of Tourism, p. 2)

6. DEFINING TOURISM
Jafari,Jafari,1977 also defines tourism as: “the study of man away from his usual habitat, of the industry which responds to his needs and of the impacts that both he and the industry have on the host socio-cultural, economic and physical environment.”

7. DEFINING TOURISM Leiper (1981) also defines tourism as “an
open system of five elements interaction
with broader environments, the human
element, tourists; three geographical
elements:
generating region,
transit routes and destination region;
an economic element, the tourist industry.”

8. THE TOURISM SYSTEM

9. THE TOURISM SYSTEM Comprises: tourists generating region
transit routes
destination region
the tourist industry

10. The Tourist Domestic; Regional; International; Long haul; Short haul;
Inbound;
Outbound;

11. Generating Regions This is the point from where the potential
tourists are coming into a region.
Major expenditure occurs here
The region loses inhabitants temporarily
New tastes and desires are taken into the region

12. Transit Routes The path that the visitor has to take to get
to the destination.
This is dependent on the mode of transportation that is being used – air, land or sea.
The transit route may be a country, a town or the open seas.
A transit route may become a tourism destination.

13. Destination Region The place to which the visitors are attracted.
This area should possess features that can sustain the interest of the visitors.
the development of a destination is influenced by factors outside of the destination e.g. transportation technology.

14. The Tourist Industry These include: attractions, accommodation,
food & beverage,
tourism services,
the travel trade,
transportation,
events and conferences, and
adventure tourism.

15. TYPES OF TOURISM

16. CONVENTIONAL MASS TOURISM
Focus: Three Ss
To North to South
Large numbers
Has distinct peak seasons
Ownership - foreign-based

17. Low levels of local involvement in the planning and management
Locals employed primarily in the semi-skilled and un- skilled categories

18. Tourists are primarily price sensitive – package tours
Example: cruise tourism, resort-based/beach tourism

19. Characteristics ALTERNATIVE TYPES OF TOURISM
It attempts to protect, conserve and enhance the quality of the environment.
It answers the question of who benefits by fostering development that complement local attributes

20. It minimises impact on the environment
It promotes smaller scale of development
Examples – eco-tourism, community tourism, special events tourism

21. WHY DO PEOPLE TRAVEL?

22. WHY DO PEOPLE TRAVEL? Travel for physical activities such as: Play
Rest and relaxation
Pleasure seeking

23. WHY DO PEOPLE TRAVEL? Movies Books Discussions
Travel as a means of authenticating experiences and discovering new things from:
Movies
Books
Discussions
Curiosity is the main motivator here.

24. WHY DO PEOPLE TRAVEL? To become reacquainted with persons e.g. VFR;
Travel for interpersonal reasons:
To become reacquainted with persons e.g. VFR;
person may also travel to meet other people with similar interests and desires.

25. WHY DO PEOPLE TRAVEL?
Travel for cultural reasons:
To discover new cultures – one of the most popular reasons to travel
For religious reasons – pilgrimages, conventions
To attend festivals – Food, Cultural etc.

26. WHY DO PEOPLE TRAVEL? Tourism often called neo- colonialism
Travel as a form of imperialism:
Tourism often called neo- colonialism
Provides the ability to flaunt wealth
Prestige and status important

27. WHO DO PEOPLE TRAVEL? Travel to seek knowledge
Attending universities abroad
Travel to differentiate oneself for members of one’s social class
Adopted from: ple/campbell/123120_2c.pdf

28. GENERAL FACTORS THAT STIMULATE TRAVEL

29. 1. CULTURE Involves teaching and learning
A body of learned behaviors common to a
given human society
Characteristics:
Involves teaching and learning
Norms/meanings are negotiated
Constantly changing
definition.html

30. ELEMENTS THAT SHAPE CULTURE
Geography
weather and climate;
physical location;
topography;
vegetation
Politics
Contact

31. IMPACT OF CULTURE ON TRAVEL
Determines rules for behaviour
help to develop certain perceptions and attitudes
influence how we evaluate the world
Determines our level of satisfaction with a destination
can cause difficulties in social interaction
(Mills, Tourism System, pp. 244 – 245)

32. GENERAL FACTORS THAT STIMULATE TRAVEL
2. MOTIVATION - Factors that drive a persons to act in a particular manner. Motives may be seen as push or pull factors

33. 2. MOTIVATION negative factors at home pressure from society
Examples of push factors:
negative factors at home
pressure from society
relaxation

34. 2. MOTIVATION Climate – warm or cold Scenic beauty
Examples of pull factors:
Climate – warm or cold
Scenic beauty
Proximity to source market
Attitudes of locals toward tourists
Services offered at the destination
Cost – access and local costs
The level of risk at the destination

35. 3. PERSONALITY Concerns characteristics inside people that explain
why they do what they do (Hogan, 2000).
Plog’s personality and destination choice
model
Psycho-centric
Near psycho-centric
Mid-centric
Near Allocentric
Allocentric

36. 4. AGE rate of involvement declines The types of activities change too
Young adults have a very high tendency to travel
Older people will, however, travel farther; they seek quality, educational experiences than the young. (Mills, 2002)

37. 5. INCOME
Disposable income – is that money that is left over after taxes are paid
Discretionary income – is the money that remains after taking care of personal expenses and needs
Certain factors facilitate a higher
disposable income – Education, Marriage,
Age

38. 6. LIFECYCLE STAGES Single, Married With No Children,
Married With Infant Children
Married With Young Children
Married With Adolescent Children
Older And Married

39. EFFECT OF TRAVEL ON THE INDIVIDUAL
Travel is a voyage of discovery for the
individual. He/she has to:
Manage their resources
Manage their time
Manage their interactions – degree of contact
Manoeuvre cultural values and norms
Culture shocks
Socio-cultural differences

40. EFFECT OF TRAVEL ON THE FAMILY
Family travel:
contributes to store of memory
helps bring about cohesion
teaches management of resources
provides an education for the entire family

41. REFERENCE Holloway, Chris (1998). The Business of Tourism
Leiper, Neil (1981). The Tourism System
Mills, A. J. (2002). Culture of Tourism
Jafari, Jafari. (1977). Celebrating & Enhancing Tourism.
( earch/people/campbell/123120_2c.pdf).
( pics/culture/culture-definition.html).