1. Extraction and Characterization of Cellulose from Textile Wastes for Regenerated Cellulose Fiber Production
Umit Halis Erdogan1, Gokhan Erkan1, Hicran Duran1, Figen Selli1, Zeki Candan2, Ayhan Tozluoglu3
1Dokuz Eylul University, Department of Textile Engineering, Buca, Izmir, Turkey
2Department of Forest Products Engineering, Faculty of Forestry, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
3Department of Forest Products Engineering, Faculty of Forestry, Duzce University, Duzce, Turkey
COST Action FP1205 – Conference on cellulosic material properties and industrial potential
13-14 April 2016, SP Technical Research Institute of Sweden, Borås, Sweden

2. INTRODUCTION
During the recent years, researches have been carried out sustainability, renewable materials and recycling in textile sector in conjunction with the other branches of industry. Limited resources and increasing consumption quantities make the recycling and waste management a necessity instead of choice.
COST Action FP1205 – Conference on cellulosic material properties and industrial potential
13-14 April 2016, SP Technical Research Institute of Sweden, Borås, Sweden

3. INTRODUCTION
COST Action FP1205 – Conference on cellulosic material properties and industrial potential
13-14 April 2016, SP Technical Research Institute of Sweden, Borås, Sweden

4. INTRODUCTION
Cellulose is a natural polymer that can be used as a raw material in the various industries such as paper, food, composite materials and also textile. Today the biggest source of cellulose is plants. Plants are renewable sources; however cellulose production is restricted by the volume of arable lands and lands for food agriculture. Therefore numbers of studies have been increased on recycling cellulose from waste materials.
Source: Cellulose: Fascinating Biopolymer and Sustainable Raw Material Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2005, 44, 3358 – 3393
COST Action FP1205 – Conference on cellulosic material properties and industrial potential
13-14 April 2016, SP Technical Research Institute of Sweden, Borås, Sweden

5. INTRODUCTION
Vegetable fibers are one of the raw materials of textile and they content various amounts of cellulose. Vegetable fiber wastes in the forms of cotton linter, fiber, yarn and fabric occurs in textile production processes. Among these fiber wastes, cellulosic fiber wastes such as cotton, jute, and flax are important raw materials for the above mentioned industries.
COST Action FP1205 – Conference on cellulosic material properties and industrial potential
13-14 April 2016, SP Technical Research Institute of Sweden, Borås, Sweden

6. Jute
Jute fiber is the second most popular natural fiber in the world subsequent to cotton fibers. Jute is mainly used for manufacturing products for the packaging, carpet backing, cordage, felts and paddings, decorative fabrics and other items for industrial use. On the other hand jute fiber reinforced composites are gaining more and more importance recently. There is a growing trend to use natural fibers as fillers and/or reinforces in plastics composites. Jute-based polymeric composites find a substantial market in the automotive door-panel industry and rising.
COST Action FP1205 – Conference on cellulosic material properties and industrial potential
13-14 April 2016, SP Technical Research Institute of Sweden, Borås, Sweden

7. Jute
Jute is grown mainly in India, Bangladesh, China, Myanmar, Nepal and Thailand. Turkey is the highest importer of jute yarn. It also imports other jute products. Turkey utilises the imported yarn into making carpets, mats etc. Turkey is the biggest machine carpet producer of the world with its 300 million m2 annual production. It is obtained that the quantity of waste fibers is very high that occurs during carpet production in the edges of carpet in the form of weft jute yarns.
COST Action FP1205 – Conference on cellulosic material properties and industrial potential
13-14 April 2016, SP Technical Research Institute of Sweden, Borås, Sweden

8. Cellulosic in Europe- Mill consumption by regions
Regenerated Cellulose Fibers
World total production of regenerated cellulose fibers, which are produced by using cellulose polymer , is approximately 6 million tons in Regenerated cellulose fibers are obtained from limited natural resources, however these fibers have higher accretion value and consumer demands compared to the synthetic fibers. Turkey is not a producer of regenerated cellulose fibers; on the other hand Turkey is a significant importer country of regenerated cellulose fibers tons of regenerated cellulose fibers were imported by Turkey in 2014 and Turkey ranks first in Europe region.
Cellulosic in Europe- Mill consumption by regions
Source:
COST Action FP1205 – Conference on cellulosic material properties and industrial potential
13-14 April 2016, SP Technical Research Institute of Sweden, Borås, Sweden

9. Regenerated Cellulose Fibers
Turkey is one of the leading textile producers, therefore vegetable fiber wastes having high cellulose content release in the different steps of production processes. Recycling of these wastes and reusing them as a raw material in textile processes will be beneficial for both economic and social aspects to country.
COST Action FP1205 – Conference on cellulosic material properties and industrial potential
13-14 April 2016, SP Technical Research Institute of Sweden, Borås, Sweden

10. Aim of the study Recycling of cellulose from waste jute fibers
For this purpose extraction and characterization of cellulose from textile wastes were carried out
Spinning and characterization of regenerated cellulose fibers will be also considered
COST Action FP1205 – Conference on cellulosic material properties and industrial potential
13-14 April 2016, SP Technical Research Institute of Sweden, Borås, Sweden

11. MATERIALS Waste jute yarns from machine carpet factory
(Royal Halı, Turkey)
Agents for characterization, extraction and bleaching
Formic acid, sodium hydroxide, ethanol, NMMO etc.
COST Action FP1205 – Conference on cellulosic material properties and industrial potential
13-14 April 2016, SP Technical Research Institute of Sweden, Borås, Sweden

12. METHODS Pre-cleaning and grinding of the waste fibers
Chemical composition of the waste jute fibers
Cellulose
(%)
73.5
Hemicellulose
20.1
Lignin
3.8
Pectin
2.6
Determination of chemical composition of the waste fibers
COST Action FP1205 – Conference on cellulosic material properties and industrial potential
13-14 April 2016, SP Technical Research Institute of Sweden, Borås, Sweden

13. METHODS Extraction of cellulose
Extraction via Organic acids:
Formic Acid/ Peroxyformic Acid (PFA)/ H2O2 Bleaching
Washing
Formic acid treatment
PFA treatment
Bleaching
Extraction of cellulose
Test & Analysis:
XRD analysis
FT-IR analysis
Thermal analysis
Density and DP measurements
etc.
Experimental Analysis and characterization of cellulose
COST Action FP1205 – Conference on cellulosic material properties and industrial potential
13-14 April 2016, SP Technical Research Institute of Sweden, Borås, Sweden

14. METHODS
COST Action FP1205 – Conference on cellulosic material properties and industrial potential
13-14 April 2016, SP Technical Research Institute of Sweden, Borås, Sweden

15. RESULTS Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR)
FT-IR Spectrum of Cellulose (Sigma-Aldrich)
FT-IR Spectrum of Cellulose
(Waste Jute)
COST Action FP1205 – Conference on cellulosic material properties and industrial potential
13-14 April 2016, SP Technical Research Institute of Sweden, Borås, Sweden

16. RESULTS X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) Analysis Cellulose (Waste Jute)
Cellulose (Sigma-Aldrich)
COST Action FP1205 – Conference on cellulosic material properties and industrial potential
13-14 April 2016, SP Technical Research Institute of Sweden, Borås, Sweden

17. RESULTS Thermal Analysis Cellulose (Sigma-Aldrich)
Cellulose (Waste Jute)
COST Action FP1205 – Conference on cellulosic material properties and industrial potential
13-14 April 2016, SP Technical Research Institute of Sweden, Borås, Sweden

18. CONCLUSIONS
In this study, extraction and characterization of cellulose is considered from waste jute fibers to obtain sustainable materials.
The experimental results show that, extracted cellulose has similar characteristics with neat (control) cellulose.
Cellulose from waste jute fibers can be used in the production of regenerated cellulose fibers, composite materials, and also in the paper and food packaging industries.
Moreover, producing microcrystalline and nanocrystalline cellulose are possible by acid hydrolysis of obtained cellulose.
Consequently, the results of this project are important for both environmental and economic perspective since cellulose is a valuable bio-polymer for many industries.
COST Action FP1205 – Conference on cellulosic material properties and industrial potential
13-14 April 2016, SP Technical Research Institute of Sweden, Borås, Sweden

19. Acknowledgments
The authors gratefully acknowledge the funding by Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TÜBİTAK) under grants 115M109 and 115M736.
We also thank Royal Carpet for their supports and assistances.
COST Action FP1205 – Conference on cellulosic material properties and industrial potential
13-14 April 2016, SP Technical Research Institute of Sweden, Borås, Sweden

20. References
Blackburn R. S., (2009), “Sustainable Textiles; Life Cycle and Environmental Impact”, Woodhead Publishing. İngiltere.
Fink, H-P., Weigel, P., Purz, H-J., Ganster J “Structure formation of regenerated cellulose materials from NMMO- solutions”, Progress in Polymer Science, 26 (9),
Ibrahim, M.M., El-Zawawy, W. K., Juttke, Y., Koschella, A., Heinze, T “Cellulose and microcrystalline cellulose from rice straw and banana plant waste: preparation and characterization”, Cellulose, 20(5), 2403–2416.
Jahan S.M., Saeed A., He Z., Ni Y., (2010), “Jute as raw material for the preparation of microcrystalline cellulose”, Cellulose, 18(2),451–459.
Klemm, D., Heublein, B., Fink, H-P., Bohn, A “Cellulose: Fascinating Biopolymer and Sustainable Raw Material”, Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 44(22), 3358–3393.
2016
Moran, J.I., Alvarez, V.A., Cyras, V.P., Vazquez, A  “Extraction of cellulose and preparation of nanocellulose from sisal fibers”, Cellulose, 15(1),
Rowell, R. M. ve Stout, H. P. (2006). Jute and Kenaf, Lewin, M., (Ed.) Handbook of Fiber Chemistry (3rd ed.), , Newyork: CRC Press.
Woodings, C Regenerated Cellulose Fibers, Woodhead Publishing Limited, Cambridge, England
COST Action FP1205 – Conference on cellulosic material properties and industrial potential
13-14 April 2016, SP Technical Research Institute of Sweden, Borås, Sweden

21. Dokuz Eylul University Department of Textile Engineering
Contact Details:
Dr. Umit Halis Erdogan
Dokuz Eylul University
Department of Textile Engineering
Izmir / Turkey
e_mail:
COST Action FP1205 – Conference on cellulosic material properties and industrial potential
13-14 April 2016, SP Technical Research Institute of Sweden, Borås, Sweden