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LESSON 2 KINGDOM ANIMALIA (Characteristics and Taxonomy)
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Talkie Time and Recap
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Objectives: 1. To evaluate the characteristics of animals (addendum) 2
Objectives: 1. To evaluate the characteristics of animals (addendum) 2. To trace the taxonomy of animal kingdom (Addendum) 3. To give examples of the animal taxonomy (Addendum)
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Enhancement Video on the Animal Kingdom
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Guide Questions: 1. What are the Characteristics of Animals that sets apart from other living things 2. What are the Phylums or Divisions under Animal Kingdom 3. Give examples 4. What is your realization of the video on Animal Kingdom?
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Three Domains of Life Archea have classified Kingdoms; Bacteria do not (yet) On the contrary, Eukaryota is composed of well-defined Kingdoms including Plants, Fungus and Animals; the exception is Protists which we’ll discover are not monophyletic and include groups that are similar in design, but not in evolutionary processes
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Kingdom Animalia Eukaryotic (Domain Eukaryota)
Multi-cellular (unlike most Protists) Lack cell walls (unlike Plants and Fungi) Heterotrophic, by ingestion – Animals obtain their nourishment by ingesting other organisms (unlike Fungi) Lack rigid cell walls; fungi absorb their nutrients by excreting enzymes into the substrate
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Kingdom Animalia Most animals are mobile
Sexual reproduction; haploid cells fuse directly to produce zygote, and no alternation of generations Tissues – cells are organized into structurally functional tissues Except sponges, sessile animals have muscle fibers for movement in sudden or short bursts Sexual repro – haploid cells do not divide by mitosis first; no gametophyte, no sporophytic generations Tissues – to perform a specific function
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Kingdom Animalia Radial symmetry – body parts arranged around a central axis (simple) Bilateral symmetry – body has a right and a left half that are mirror images of each other (advanced) Radial… in such a way that any plane passing through the central axis divides the organisms into halves that are approximate mirror images; evolved first in Cnidarias (jellyfish) Dorsal (top) and ventral (bottom); anterior (front) and dorsal (back); Bilateral symmetry allows different organs to concentrate in different parts of the body, with sensory organs usually concentrated at the anterior end
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Kingdom Animalia Evolution of a body cavity enabled the evolution of supporting organ systems and a means for distributing materials The body cavity – a space surrounded by mesodermal tissue formed during development Three germ layers: Ectoderm (outside), Mesoderm (middle), and Endoderm (inside) Three germ layers in most animals (Cnidarians only have endo and ecto); Sponges lack any germ layers Germ layers develop into different organ systems (skin, brain, etc) - development
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Kingdom Animalia Pseudocoelomates move nutrients and wastes through pseudocoel Coelomates developed a circulatory system; blood carries oxygen, nutrients, carbon dioxide and wastes through (and out of) body Circulatory fluid - blood
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Kingdom Animalia Taxonomy (Domain Eukaryotic, Kingdom Animalia, Phylum….)
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KINGDOM ANIMALIA Phylum Porifera – Sponges Phylum Cnidaria/Coelenterata – Hollow Bodied Animals (Jelly Fish) 3. Phylum Ctenophora – Comb Jellies 4. Phylum Platyhelminthes - Flatworm 5. Phylum Nematoda – Roundworm 6. Phylum Annelida – Segmented Worm 7. Phylum Mollusca – Mollusks (Shell) 8. Phylum Arthropoda – Joint legged animals 9. Phylum Echinodermata – Spiny Skinned 10. Phylum Chordata – with notochords (Lungs)
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10. Phylum Chordata – with notochords (Lungs)
3 Sub Phylums: a. Sub-Phylum Urochordata (non vertebrates) b. Sub-Phylum Cephalochordata – notochord (non-vertebrates) c. Sub-Phylum Vertebrata – Vertebrates (Vertebral Columns)
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c. Sub-Phylum Vertebrata – Vertebrates (Vertebral Columns)
6 Classes: 1. Class Chondricthyes – Cartilaginous fishes 2. Class Osteichthyes – bony fishes 3. Class Amphibia – salamanders and frogs 4. Class Reptilia – reptiles 5. Class Aves - birds 6. Class Mammalia - Mammals
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6. Class Mammalia 3 Sub-Classes: 1. Prototheria – monotremes, platypus 2. Metatheria- Marsupial, kangaroo 3. Eutheria – Placentals
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3. Eutheria – Placentals 8 Orders: 1. Carnivora – canine, dogs 2. Perissodactyla – horses 3. Artiodactyla –cows, pigs 4. Proboscoidea - elephants 5. Rodentia – rats, squirrel 6. Chiroptera – bats 7. Insectivora –shrews and moles 8.Primata- primates
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3 Superfamilies: Lemurodea, Lorisoidea, Tarsioidea 2. Anthropoos
8.Primata- primates 2 sub-Orders 1. Prosimian 3 Superfamilies: Lemurodea, Lorisoidea, Tarsioidea 2. Anthropoos 3 Superfamilies 1. Ceboidea – New world monkeys 2. Cercopithecoidea – Old world monkeys 3. Hominoidea – Hominids – apes and humans
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3. Hominoidea – Hominids – apes and humans
2 families: Ponginidae and Hominidae
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1. Phylum Porifera (Sponges)
The simplest of animals No nervous, digestive, or circulatory systems Sessile Lack germ layers No defined symmetry
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Phylum Porifera (sponges)
Asymmetrical Pores—filter feeders Not motile (sessile) Provide habitat for other animals Eaten by starfish and some fish Most primitive animal
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2. Phylum Cnidaria Nematocysts – stinging cells Radial symmetry
“Jellyfish”, Corals, Sea anemones
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Phylum Cnidaria (jellyfish, sea anemones, coral)
Digestive cavity called a coelenteron Radial symmetry Predators-feed on crustaceans Corals provide important habitat for fish Coral used for decoration and threatened by pollution All have stinging cells
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3. Phylum Ctenophora (Comb jellies)
Colloblasts – sticky cells Strictly marine Largely bioluminescent Largest cilia of any organism
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4. Phylum Platyhelminthes (Flatworms)
No body cavity Half of all flatworms are parasitic (flukes, tapeworms, etc)
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Phylum Platyhelminthes (planarians, tapeworms, flukes)
Bilateral symmetry Cephalization- head and brain Acoelomate- no body cavity Incomplete digestive system (one opening) Some are parasites in digestive tract In early 1900’s models ate them to be thin—YUCK!
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5. Phylum Nematoda (Round worms)
Pseudocoelomates Can be free-living or parasitic
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Phylum Nematoda (roundworms)
Also called nematodes Complete digestive system-separate mouth and anus (2 openings) Pseudocoelomate Decomposers, predators (bacteria, inverts) Eaten by insects, mice Beneficial to garden by eating insects
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6. Phylum Annelida (Segmented worms)
Coelomates Oligochaetes (earthworms) and Polychaetes (bristle worms)
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Phylum Annelida (segmented worms)
i.e. earthworms, leeches True coelom Sensitive to vibrations on ground-rain Prey for robins, shrews, jays, snakes Leeches have cornified knobs to break skin, anticoagulant and anesthetic
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7. Phylum Mollusca Mantle – secretes shell; forms siphon and external flaps Bivalves (clams, mussels, etc), Snails, Squid, Octopus, Sea Slugs
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Phylum Mollusca (shelled…sometimes)
i.e. snails, slugs, clams, mussels, scallops, oysters, octopus and squid Variety in form Giant squid = sea serpent Introduction of garden snails
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8. Phylum Arthropoda (jointed legged animals)
i.e. insects, spiders and scorpions, shellfish (crustaceans), centipedes (1 pr legs per segment), millipedes (2 pr) Exoskeleton Metamorphosis Pheromones Molting
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Phylum Arthropoda “Jointed foot”; jointed limbs, rigid cuticle/exoskeleton 3 sub-phylums: Insecta, Arachnida, Crustacea, and others – VERY SUCCESSFUL! Cuticle made of mostly chitin; exoskeleton Approx. 2/3 of all named species are arthropods (80% of that are insects, most of which are beetles)
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9. Phylum Echinodermata Strictly marine “Spiny skin”
Includes sea stars, sea urchins, brittle stars Nearest relatives to the chordates! – the only other deuterostomes
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Phylum Echinodermata (spiny-skinned)
i.e. sea stars = starfish, sea urchins Water vascular system Tube feet Important predators
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*only present during embryonic stage in advanced vertebrates
10. Phylum Chordata Includes all vertebrates (Subphylum Vertebrata) All have (at one stage of their life cycle) A notochord – a flexible rod; “backbone” A hollow, dorsal nerve cord; develops into spinal cord and brain Pharyngeal slits* – filtering apparatus for feeding An endostyle* – longitudinal ciliated groove in pharynx, produces mucus to capture food particles A post-anal tail* *only present during embryonic stage in advanced vertebrates Flexible rod that develops along the back of the embryo; muscles attach to this rod and enable movement Post anal tail – tail extends beyond anus, nearly all other animals have a terminal anus
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Pharyngeal pouches become slits in animals with gills, disappears in embryo in animals without gills
All Chordates have all four of these characteristics at some time in their lives
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Chordata
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Phylum Chordata Subphylum Urochordata Subphylum Cephalochordata
Vertebrata tunicates lancets Agnathans Fish Sharks tetrapods
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Early Chordate ancestor may have given rise to 1st vertebrate
Pikaia Burgess Shale Fauna Cambrian mya
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General Features Shared by Chordates:
Eukaryote Multicellular Bilateral- deuterstomes Heterotrophic
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Phylum Chordata Subphylum Urochordata - Tunicates
Class Ascidiacea - Sea Squirts Solitary e.g. Styela montereyensis Colonial - in groups but with own tunic Compound Colonial - colonial with shared tunic Class Thaliacea - Salps (free swimming), planktonic Class Larvacea - Gelatinous house, planktonic
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Subphylum Urochordata
tunicate
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Subphylum Urochordata = tunicate
Tunicate - also called 'sea squirt' notochord is confined to the tail notochord is lost during metamorphosis into sessile adult possess pharyngeal slits Repro- sexual (hermaphroditic) & asexual (budding)
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Class Larvacea - planktonic
Oikopleura
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Jelly-like house Oikopleura Marine snow
Class Larvacea - Gelatinous house, planktonic Jelly-like house Oikopleura Marine snow
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Class Thaliacea - Salps (free swimming), planktonic
Pyrosoma- bioluminescent Colonial salp
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Class Ascidiacea - Sea Squirts
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Subphylum Cephalochordata
lancet Strictly marine Live buried in sand with head sticking out Filter feeders
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Lancet Anatomy
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Class Chondrichthyes Subphylum Vertebrata Sharks, skates, rays,
chimera
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Heterocercal tail Two dorsal fins Paired pectorals 5-7 gill slits
Chondrichthyes (cartilagenous fishes) Heterocercal tail Two dorsal fins Paired pectorals 5-7 gill slits ureoosmotic
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Osteichthyes (bony fishes)
Swim bladder Operculum (gill cover) Homocercal tail Scales of bony origin Smooth cycloid Spiny ctenoid
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Swim bladder Dorsal fin Adipose fin (characteristic of trout) Caudal fin Spinal cord Brain Nostril Cut edge of operculum Anal fin Liver Lateral line Gills Anus Heart Gonad Stomach Urinary bladder Pelvic fin Kidney Intestine
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Returns to water to breed Metamorphosis Some toxic
Class Amphibia Characteristics Cold blooded Returns to water to breed Metamorphosis Some toxic Estivation-dry and hot Hibernation- cold 3,500 species
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Class Amphibia Mudpuppy salamander newt (salamander) Poison arrow frog
Rana cancrivora Coqui
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3 chambered heart (except crocks)
Class Reptilia Characteristics Cold blooded Have scales Amniotic egg Dry skin 3 chambered heart (except crocks) 6,500 species
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Class Reptilia Sea snake Marine iguana Saltwater crocodile
Marine turtle Sea snake
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Warm blooded Feathers and wings Hollow bones Horny bill
Class Aves Characteristics Warm blooded Feathers and wings Hollow bones Horny bill Lungs have air sacks Hard egg shell
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Class Aves
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Warm blooded Have fur or hair Suckle young 3 middle ear bones
Class Mammalia Characteristics Warm blooded Have fur or hair Suckle young 3 middle ear bones A Guide to characteristics of Class Mammalia The Class Mammalia is well represented in Southern Africa. There are 293 species of land mammals and 37 species of marine mammals in the Southern African subregion. That is 330 of the around 5000 mammal species found on Earth! Class Mammalia -- all mammals share three characteristics not found in other animals: 3 middle ear bones; hair; and the production of milk by modified sweat glands called mammary glands. Mammals hear sounds after they are transmitted from the outside world to their inner ears by a chain of three bones, the malleus, incus, and stapes. Two of these, the malleus and incus, are derived from bones involved in jaw articulation in most other vertebrates. Mammals have hair. Adults of some species lose most of their hair, but hair is present at least during some phase of the ontogeny of all species. Mammalian hair, made of a protein called keratin, serves at least four functions. First, it slows the exchange of heat with the environment (insulation). Second, specialized hairs (whiskers or "vibrissae") have a sensory function, letting the owner know when it is in contact with an object in its external environment. These hairs are often richly innervated and well-supplied with muscles that control their position. Third, through their color and pattern, hairs affect the appearance of a mammal. They may serve to camouflage, to announce the presence of especially good defense systems (for example, the conspicuous color pattern of a skunk is a warning to predators), or to communicate social information (for example, threats, such as the erect hair on the back of a wolf; sex, such as the different colors of male and female capuchin monkeys; presence of danger, such as the white underside of the tail of a whitetailed deer). Fourth, hair provides some protection, either simply by providing an additional protective layer (against abrasion or sunburn, for example) or by taking on the form of dangerous spines that deter predators (porcupines, spiny rats, others). Mammals feed their newborn young with milk, a substance rich in fats and protein that is produced by modified sweat glands called mammary glands. These glands, which take a variety of shapes, are usually located on the ventral surface of females along paths that run from the chest region to the groin. They vary in number from two (one right, one left, as in humans) to a dozen or more. Other characteristics found in most mammals include highly differentiated teeth; teeth are replaced just once during an individual's life (this condition is called diphyodonty, and the first set is called "milk teeth); a lower jaw made up of a single bone, the dentary; four-chambered hearts, a secondary palate separating air and food passages in the mouth; a muscular diaphragm separating thoracic and abdominal cavities; highly developed brain; endothermy and homeothermy; separate sexes with the sex of an embryo being determined by the presence of a Y or 2 X chromosomes; and internal fertilization. The Class Mammalia includes around 5000 species placed in 26 orders (systematists do not yet agree on the exact number or on how some orders are related to others). Mammals can be found in all continents and seas. In part because of their high metabolic rates (associated with homeothermy and endothermy), they often play an ecological role that seems disproportionately large compared to their numerical abundance. Subclass Prototheria - Not represented in southern Africa Order Monotremata -- Monotremes: platypus and echidnas Subclass Metatheria (marsupials) - Not represented in southern Africa Order Didelphimorphia Order Paucituberculata Order Microbiotheria Order Dasyuromorphia Order Peramelemorphia Order Notoryctemorphia Order Diprotodontia Subclass Eutheria (placentals) Order Insectivora -- Insectivores: shrews, moles, hedgehogs, tenrecs, etc. Order Macroscelidea -- elephant shrews Order Scandentia -- tree shrews Order Dermoptera -- colugos Order Chiroptera --bats Order Primates --primates Order Xenarthra -- edentates; sloths, armadillos and anteaters Order Pholidota -- pangolins Order Lagomorpha -- rabbits and pikas Order Rodentia -- rodents Order Cetacea -- whales, dolphins, and porpoises Order Carnivora -- carnivores Order Tubulidentata -- aardvark Order Proboscidea -- elephants Order Hyracoidea -- hyraxes Order Sirenia -- dugongs and manatees Order Perissodactyla -- horses, rhinos, tapirs Order Artiodactyla -- antelope, giraffe, camels, pigs, hippos, etc.
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Protheria- echidna & platypus Metatheria- marsupial
Class Mammalia Subclasses Protheria- echidna & platypus Metatheria- marsupial Eutheria- true mammals A Guide to characteristics of Class Mammalia The Class Mammalia is well represented in Southern Africa. There are 293 species of land mammals and 37 species of marine mammals in the Southern African subregion. That is 330 of the around 5000 mammal species found on Earth! Class Mammalia -- all mammals share three characteristics not found in other animals: 3 middle ear bones; hair; and the production of milk by modified sweat glands called mammary glands. Mammals hear sounds after they are transmitted from the outside world to their inner ears by a chain of three bones, the malleus, incus, and stapes. Two of these, the malleus and incus, are derived from bones involved in jaw articulation in most other vertebrates. Mammals have hair. Adults of some species lose most of their hair, but hair is present at least during some phase of the ontogeny of all species. Mammalian hair, made of a protein called keratin, serves at least four functions. First, it slows the exchange of heat with the environment (insulation). Second, specialized hairs (whiskers or "vibrissae") have a sensory function, letting the owner know when it is in contact with an object in its external environment. These hairs are often richly innervated and well-supplied with muscles that control their position. Third, through their color and pattern, hairs affect the appearance of a mammal. They may serve to camouflage, to announce the presence of especially good defense systems (for example, the conspicuous color pattern of a skunk is a warning to predators), or to communicate social information (for example, threats, such as the erect hair on the back of a wolf; sex, such as the different colors of male and female capuchin monkeys; presence of danger, such as the white underside of the tail of a whitetailed deer). Fourth, hair provides some protection, either simply by providing an additional protective layer (against abrasion or sunburn, for example) or by taking on the form of dangerous spines that deter predators (porcupines, spiny rats, others). Mammals feed their newborn young with milk, a substance rich in fats and protein that is produced by modified sweat glands called mammary glands. These glands, which take a variety of shapes, are usually located on the ventral surface of females along paths that run from the chest region to the groin. They vary in number from two (one right, one left, as in humans) to a dozen or more. Other characteristics found in most mammals include highly differentiated teeth; teeth are replaced just once during an individual's life (this condition is called diphyodonty, and the first set is called "milk teeth); a lower jaw made up of a single bone, the dentary; four-chambered hearts, a secondary palate separating air and food passages in the mouth; a muscular diaphragm separating thoracic and abdominal cavities; highly developed brain; endothermy and homeothermy; separate sexes with the sex of an embryo being determined by the presence of a Y or 2 X chromosomes; and internal fertilization. The Class Mammalia includes around 5000 species placed in 26 orders (systematists do not yet agree on the exact number or on how some orders are related to others). Mammals can be found in all continents and seas. In part because of their high metabolic rates (associated with homeothermy and endothermy), they often play an ecological role that seems disproportionately large compared to their numerical abundance. Subclass Prototheria - Not represented in southern Africa Order Monotremata -- Monotremes: platypus and echidnas Subclass Metatheria (marsupials) - Not represented in southern Africa Order Didelphimorphia Order Paucituberculata Order Microbiotheria Order Dasyuromorphia Order Peramelemorphia Order Notoryctemorphia Order Diprotodontia Subclass Eutheria (placentals) Order Insectivora -- Insectivores: shrews, moles, hedgehogs, tenrecs, etc. Order Macroscelidea -- elephant shrews Order Scandentia -- tree shrews Order Dermoptera -- colugos Order Chiroptera --bats Order Primates --primates Order Xenarthra -- edentates; sloths, armadillos and anteaters Order Pholidota -- pangolins Order Lagomorpha -- rabbits and pikas Order Rodentia -- rodents Order Cetacea -- whales, dolphins, and porpoises Order Carnivora -- carnivores Order Tubulidentata -- aardvark Order Proboscidea -- elephants Order Hyracoidea -- hyraxes Order Sirenia -- dugongs and manatees Order Perissodactyla -- horses, rhinos, tapirs Order Artiodactyla -- antelope, giraffe, camels, pigs, hippos, etc.
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Class - Mammalia ~4500 species in 19 orders
Characteristics hairy animals with glands that produce milk maintain constant body temp. most develop in the uterus where they are nourished by a placenta limbs are under the body, directed downwards fully mobile jaw and socket teeth
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Origins probably arose from therapsids (200mya) which are mammal-like reptiles
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survival was probably enhanced by carrying embryos within the body, bearing live young, and the constant food supply (milk) by the end of the Mesozoic era (65 mya) mammals diverged from the original line to three “groups” (probably sub-classes) -- Monotremes, Marsupials, and Placentals
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1. Monotremes Subclass: Protothereia, Order: Monotremata
egg (leathery)-laying mammals have a sense of electroreception to locate their prey only five species exist, the duck-billed platypus and four sp. of spiny anteaters (Echidna) single hole that serves the urinary tract, anus, and reproductive tract Ornithorhynchidae (Ornithorhynchus anatinus)
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2. Marsupials Subclass – Theria or Metatheria Supercohort-Marsupialia
the pouched animals- 272 species. short gestation time is due to having a yolk-type placenta in the mother marsupial young are typically born in a practically embryonic state (2cm). Ex. Opossum, koala, wallaby, wombat, kangaroo, and Tasmanian Devil....
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3. Placentals (subclass Eutheria)
nourished in the uterus through a specialized embryonic organ attached to the uterus wall called the placenta allowing longer gestation times. 4000+ species. whales, bats, elephants, armadillos, dogs, sheep, cattle, and humans....
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Order – Primates Characteristics and origins
233 living species placed in 13 families most have long arms, prehensile (grasping) tail and hands with fingernails stereoscopic vision with eyes in front of head brain adapted for learning probably arose about 65 mya early primates were more like rodents that lived in trees
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THE PRIMATES © 2016 Paul Billiet ODWS
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Primate characteristics
Arborial Grasping hands Finger nails & finger pads with ridges Binocular vision Diurnal Colour vision Large brain High degree of parental care Long childhood © 2016 Paul Billiet ODWS
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The Prosimians Ring-tailed lemur (Lemur catta)
© 2016 Paul Billiet ODWS
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The Prosimians Muzzel Immobile upper lip Developed sense of smell
Ears can orientate Evolved from about 63 Ma © 2016 Paul Billiet ODWS
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The Old World Monkeys Rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta)
© 2016 Paul Billiet ODWS
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The Old World Monkeys Narrow nose Tail (when present) never prehensile
Mostly diurnal © 2016 Paul Billiet ODWS
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The New World Monkeys Howler monkey (Alouatta sp.)
© 2016 Paul Billiet ODWS Howler monkey (Alouatta sp.)
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The New World Monkeys Split from the old world monkeys about 40 Ma
Flat-nosed More premolars Long tails, some prehensile © 2016 Paul Billiet ODWS
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The Apes Gorilla gorilla Chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) © JGI
Gibbon (Hylobates lar) Chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) © JGI Orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus) © 2016 Paul Billiet ODWS
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Application Human classification/taxa
Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Subphylum: Vertebrata Class: Mammalia Subclass: Theria Infraclass: Eutheria Order: Primates Suborder: Anthropoidea Superfamily: Hominoide Family: Hominidae Genus: Homo Species: sapien Animalia Chordata Mammalia Primate Hominidae Homo sapiens sapiens
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Application & Reflection:
(5 mins) 1. What is the Importance of Taxonomy in Science? 2. How do you think organisms were clustered and what ere their bases? 3. How do you apply the lesson on animal kingdom to life?
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Bring bond papers and coloring pens for the animal kingdom sketching next meeting (1 organism per phylum)
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