1. LESSON 2 KINGDOM ANIMALIA (Characteristics and Taxonomy)

2. Talkie Time and Recap

3. Objectives: 1. To evaluate the characteristics of animals (addendum) 2
Objectives: 1. To evaluate the characteristics of animals (addendum) 2. To trace the taxonomy of animal kingdom (Addendum) 3. To give examples of the animal taxonomy (Addendum)

4. Enhancement Video on the Animal Kingdom

5. Guide Questions:
1. What are the Characteristics of Animals that sets apart from other living things
2. What are the Phylums or Divisions under Animal Kingdom
3. Give examples
4. What is your realization of the video on Animal Kingdom?

6. Three Domains of Life
Archea have classified Kingdoms; Bacteria do not (yet)
On the contrary, Eukaryota is composed of well-defined Kingdoms including Plants, Fungus and Animals; the exception is Protists which we’ll discover are not monophyletic and include groups that are similar in design, but not in evolutionary processes

7. Kingdom Animalia Eukaryotic (Domain Eukaryota)
Multi-cellular (unlike most Protists)
Lack cell walls (unlike Plants and Fungi)
Heterotrophic, by ingestion – Animals obtain their nourishment by ingesting other organisms (unlike Fungi)
Lack rigid cell walls; fungi absorb their nutrients by excreting enzymes into the substrate

8. Kingdom Animalia Most animals are mobile
Sexual reproduction; haploid cells fuse directly to produce zygote, and no alternation of generations
Tissues – cells are organized into structurally functional tissues
Except sponges, sessile animals have muscle fibers for movement in sudden or short bursts
Sexual repro – haploid cells do not divide by mitosis first; no gametophyte, no sporophytic generations
Tissues – to perform a specific function

9. Kingdom Animalia
Radial symmetry – body parts arranged around a central axis (simple)
Bilateral symmetry – body has a right and a left half that are mirror images of each other (advanced)
Radial… in such a way that any plane passing through the central axis divides the organisms into halves that are approximate mirror images; evolved first in Cnidarias (jellyfish)
Dorsal (top) and ventral (bottom); anterior (front) and dorsal (back);
Bilateral symmetry allows different organs to concentrate in different parts of the body, with sensory organs usually concentrated at the anterior end

10. Kingdom Animalia
Evolution of a body cavity enabled the evolution of supporting organ systems and a means for distributing materials
The body cavity – a space surrounded by mesodermal tissue formed during development
Three germ layers: Ectoderm (outside), Mesoderm (middle), and Endoderm (inside)
Three germ layers in most animals (Cnidarians only have endo and ecto); Sponges lack any germ layers
Germ layers develop into different organ systems (skin, brain, etc) - development

11. Kingdom Animalia
Pseudocoelomates move nutrients and wastes through pseudocoel
Coelomates developed a circulatory system; blood carries oxygen, nutrients, carbon dioxide and wastes through (and out of) body
Circulatory fluid - blood

12. Kingdom Animalia
Taxonomy (Domain Eukaryotic, Kingdom Animalia, Phylum….)

13. KINGDOM ANIMALIA
Phylum Porifera
– Sponges
Phylum Cnidaria/Coelenterata
– Hollow Bodied Animals (Jelly Fish)
3. Phylum Ctenophora
– Comb Jellies
4. Phylum Platyhelminthes
- Flatworm
5. Phylum Nematoda
– Roundworm
6. Phylum Annelida
– Segmented Worm
7. Phylum Mollusca
– Mollusks (Shell)
8. Phylum Arthropoda
– Joint legged animals
9. Phylum Echinodermata
– Spiny Skinned
10. Phylum Chordata
– with notochords (Lungs)

14. 10. Phylum Chordata – with notochords (Lungs)
3 Sub Phylums:
a. Sub-Phylum Urochordata
(non vertebrates)
b. Sub-Phylum Cephalochordata
– notochord (non-vertebrates)
c. Sub-Phylum Vertebrata
– Vertebrates (Vertebral Columns)

15. c. Sub-Phylum Vertebrata – Vertebrates (Vertebral Columns)
6 Classes:
1. Class Chondricthyes
– Cartilaginous fishes
2. Class Osteichthyes
– bony fishes
3. Class Amphibia
– salamanders and frogs
4. Class Reptilia
– reptiles
5. Class Aves
- birds
6. Class Mammalia
- Mammals

16. 6. Class Mammalia
3 Sub-Classes:
1. Prototheria
– monotremes, platypus
2. Metatheria-
Marsupial, kangaroo
3. Eutheria –
Placentals

17. 3. Eutheria – Placentals
8 Orders:
1. Carnivora –
canine, dogs
2. Perissodactyla
– horses
3. Artiodactyla
–cows, pigs
4. Proboscoidea
- elephants
5. Rodentia –
rats, squirrel
6. Chiroptera
– bats
7. Insectivora
–shrews and moles
8.Primata- primates

18. 3 Superfamilies: Lemurodea, Lorisoidea, Tarsioidea 2. Anthropoos
8.Primata- primates
2 sub-Orders
1. Prosimian
3 Superfamilies: Lemurodea, Lorisoidea, Tarsioidea
2. Anthropoos
3 Superfamilies
1. Ceboidea – New world monkeys
2. Cercopithecoidea – Old world monkeys
3. Hominoidea – Hominids – apes and humans

19. 3. Hominoidea – Hominids – apes and humans
2 families: Ponginidae and Hominidae

20. 1. Phylum Porifera (Sponges)
The simplest of animals
No nervous, digestive, or circulatory systems
Sessile
Lack germ layers
No defined
symmetry

21. Phylum Porifera (sponges)
Asymmetrical
Pores—filter feeders
Not motile (sessile)
Provide habitat for other animals
Eaten by starfish and some fish
Most primitive animal

22. 2. Phylum Cnidaria Nematocysts – stinging cells Radial symmetry
“Jellyfish”, Corals, Sea anemones

23. Phylum Cnidaria (jellyfish, sea anemones, coral)
Digestive cavity called a coelenteron
Radial symmetry
Predators-feed on crustaceans
Corals provide important habitat for fish
Coral used for decoration and threatened by pollution
All have stinging cells

24. 3. Phylum Ctenophora (Comb jellies)
Colloblasts – sticky cells
Strictly marine
Largely bioluminescent
Largest cilia of any organism

25. 4. Phylum Platyhelminthes (Flatworms)
No body cavity
Half of all flatworms are parasitic (flukes, tapeworms, etc)

26. Phylum Platyhelminthes (planarians, tapeworms, flukes)
Bilateral symmetry
Cephalization- head and brain
Acoelomate- no body cavity
Incomplete digestive system (one opening)
Some are parasites in digestive tract
In early 1900’s models ate them to be thin—YUCK!

27. 5. Phylum Nematoda (Round worms)
Pseudocoelomates
Can be free-living or parasitic

28. Phylum Nematoda (roundworms)
Also called nematodes
Complete digestive system-separate mouth and anus (2 openings)
Pseudocoelomate
Decomposers, predators (bacteria, inverts)
Eaten by insects, mice
Beneficial to garden by eating insects

29. 6. Phylum Annelida (Segmented worms)
Coelomates
Oligochaetes (earthworms) and Polychaetes (bristle worms)

30. Phylum Annelida (segmented worms)
i.e. earthworms, leeches
True coelom
Sensitive to vibrations on ground-rain
Prey for robins, shrews, jays, snakes
Leeches have cornified knobs to break skin, anticoagulant and anesthetic

31. 7. Phylum Mollusca
Mantle – secretes shell; forms siphon and external flaps
Bivalves (clams, mussels, etc), Snails, Squid, Octopus, Sea Slugs

32. Phylum Mollusca (shelled…sometimes)
i.e. snails, slugs, clams, mussels, scallops, oysters, octopus and squid
Variety in form
Giant squid = sea serpent
Introduction of garden snails

33. 8. Phylum Arthropoda (jointed legged animals)
i.e. insects, spiders and scorpions, shellfish (crustaceans), centipedes (1 pr legs per segment), millipedes (2 pr)
Exoskeleton
Metamorphosis
Pheromones
Molting

34. Phylum Arthropoda
“Jointed foot”; jointed limbs, rigid cuticle/exoskeleton
3 sub-phylums: Insecta, Arachnida, Crustacea, and others – VERY SUCCESSFUL!
Cuticle made of mostly chitin; exoskeleton
Approx. 2/3 of all named species are arthropods (80% of that are insects, most of which are beetles)

35. 9. Phylum Echinodermata Strictly marine “Spiny skin”
Includes sea stars, sea urchins, brittle stars
Nearest relatives to the chordates! – the only other deuterostomes

36. Phylum Echinodermata (spiny-skinned)
i.e. sea stars = starfish,
sea urchins
Water vascular system
Tube feet
Important predators

37. *only present during embryonic stage in advanced vertebrates
10. Phylum Chordata
Includes all vertebrates (Subphylum Vertebrata)
All have (at one stage of their life cycle)
A notochord – a flexible rod; “backbone”
A hollow, dorsal nerve cord; develops into spinal cord and brain
Pharyngeal slits* – filtering apparatus for feeding
An endostyle* – longitudinal ciliated groove in pharynx, produces mucus to capture food particles
A post-anal tail*
*only present during embryonic stage in advanced vertebrates
Flexible rod that develops along the back of the embryo; muscles attach to this rod and enable movement
Post anal tail – tail extends beyond anus, nearly all other animals have a terminal anus

38. Pharyngeal pouches become slits in animals with gills, disappears in embryo in animals without gills
All Chordates have all four of these characteristics at some time in their lives

39. Chordata

40. Phylum Chordata Subphylum Urochordata Subphylum Cephalochordata
Vertebrata
tunicates
lancets
Agnathans
Fish
Sharks
tetrapods

41. Early Chordate ancestor may have given rise to 1st vertebrate
Pikaia
Burgess Shale Fauna
Cambrian
mya

42. General Features Shared by Chordates:
Eukaryote
Multicellular
Bilateral- deuterstomes
Heterotrophic

43. Phylum Chordata Subphylum Urochordata - Tunicates
Class Ascidiacea - Sea Squirts
Solitary e.g. Styela montereyensis
Colonial - in groups but with own tunic
Compound Colonial - colonial with shared
tunic
Class Thaliacea - Salps (free swimming),
planktonic
Class Larvacea - Gelatinous house, planktonic

44. Subphylum Urochordata
tunicate

45. Subphylum Urochordata = tunicate
Tunicate - also called 'sea squirt'
notochord is confined to the tail
notochord is lost during metamorphosis into sessile adult
possess pharyngeal slits
Repro- sexual (hermaphroditic) & asexual (budding)

46. Class Larvacea - planktonic
Oikopleura

47. Jelly-like house Oikopleura Marine snow
Class Larvacea - Gelatinous house, planktonic
Jelly-like house
Oikopleura
Marine snow

48. Class Thaliacea - Salps (free swimming), planktonic
Pyrosoma- bioluminescent
Colonial salp

49. Class Ascidiacea - Sea Squirts

50. Subphylum Cephalochordata
lancet
Strictly marine
Live buried in sand with head sticking out
Filter feeders

51. Lancet Anatomy

52. Class Chondrichthyes Subphylum Vertebrata Sharks, skates, rays,
chimera

53. Heterocercal tail Two dorsal fins Paired pectorals 5-7 gill slits
Chondrichthyes
(cartilagenous fishes)
Heterocercal tail
Two dorsal fins
Paired pectorals
5-7 gill slits
ureoosmotic

55. Osteichthyes (bony fishes)
Swim bladder
Operculum (gill cover)
Homocercal tail
Scales of bony origin
Smooth cycloid
Spiny ctenoid

56. Swim
bladder
Dorsal fin
Adipose fin
(characteristic
of trout)
Caudal
fin
Spinal cord
Brain
Nostril
Cut edge
of operculum
Anal fin
Liver
Lateral
line
Gills
Anus
Heart
Gonad
Stomach
Urinary
bladder
Pelvic
fin
Kidney
Intestine

57. Returns to water to breed Metamorphosis Some toxic
Class Amphibia
Characteristics
Cold blooded
Returns to water to breed
Metamorphosis
Some toxic
Estivation-dry and hot
Hibernation- cold
3,500 species

58. Class Amphibia Mudpuppy salamander newt (salamander) Poison arrow frog
Rana cancrivora
Coqui

59. 3 chambered heart (except crocks)
Class Reptilia
Characteristics
Cold blooded
Have scales
Amniotic egg
Dry skin
3 chambered heart (except crocks)
6,500 species

60. Class Reptilia Sea snake Marine iguana Saltwater crocodile
Marine turtle
Sea snake

61. Warm blooded Feathers and wings Hollow bones Horny bill
Class Aves
Characteristics
Warm blooded
Feathers and wings
Hollow bones
Horny bill
Lungs have air sacks
Hard egg shell

62. Class Aves

63. Warm blooded Have fur or hair Suckle young 3 middle ear bones
Class Mammalia
Characteristics
Warm blooded
Have fur or hair
Suckle young
3 middle ear bones
A Guide to characteristics of Class Mammalia
The Class Mammalia is well represented in Southern Africa. There are 293 species of land mammals and 37 species of marine mammals in the Southern African subregion. That is 330 of the around 5000 mammal species found on Earth!
Class Mammalia -- all mammals share three characteristics not found in other animals: 3 middle ear bones; hair; and the production of milk by modified sweat glands called mammary glands.
Mammals hear sounds after they are transmitted from the outside world to their inner ears by a chain of three bones, the malleus, incus, and stapes. Two of these, the malleus and incus, are derived from bones involved in jaw articulation in most other vertebrates.
Mammals have hair. Adults of some species lose most of their hair, but hair is present at least during some phase of the ontogeny of all species. Mammalian hair, made of a protein called keratin, serves at least four functions. First, it slows the exchange of heat with the environment (insulation). Second, specialized hairs (whiskers or "vibrissae") have a sensory function, letting the owner know when it is in contact with an object in its external environment. These hairs are often richly innervated and well-supplied with muscles that control their position. Third, through their color and pattern, hairs affect the appearance of a mammal. They may serve to camouflage, to announce the presence of especially good defense systems (for example, the conspicuous color pattern of a skunk is a warning to predators), or to communicate social information (for example, threats, such as the erect hair on the back of a wolf; sex, such as the different colors of male and female capuchin monkeys; presence of danger, such as the white underside of the tail of a whitetailed deer). Fourth, hair provides some protection, either simply by providing an additional protective layer (against abrasion or sunburn, for example) or by taking on the form of dangerous spines that deter predators (porcupines, spiny rats, others).
Mammals feed their newborn young with milk, a substance rich in fats and protein that is produced by modified sweat glands called mammary glands. These glands, which take a variety of shapes, are usually located on the ventral surface of females along paths that run from the chest region to the groin. They vary in number from two (one right, one left, as in humans) to a dozen or more.
Other characteristics found in most mammals include highly differentiated teeth; teeth are replaced just once during an individual's life (this condition is called diphyodonty, and the first set is called "milk teeth); a lower jaw made up of a single bone, the dentary; four-chambered hearts, a secondary palate separating air and food passages in the mouth; a muscular diaphragm separating thoracic and abdominal cavities; highly developed brain; endothermy and homeothermy; separate sexes with the sex of an embryo being determined by the presence of a Y or 2 X chromosomes; and internal fertilization.
The Class Mammalia includes around 5000 species placed in 26 orders (systematists do not yet agree on the exact number or on how some orders are related to others). Mammals can be found in all continents and seas. In part because of their high metabolic rates (associated with homeothermy and endothermy), they often play an ecological role that seems disproportionately large compared to their numerical abundance.
Subclass Prototheria - Not represented in southern Africa
Order Monotremata -- Monotremes: platypus and echidnas
Subclass Metatheria (marsupials) - Not represented in southern Africa
Order Didelphimorphia
Order Paucituberculata
Order Microbiotheria
Order Dasyuromorphia
Order Peramelemorphia
Order Notoryctemorphia
Order Diprotodontia
Subclass Eutheria (placentals)
Order Insectivora -- Insectivores: shrews, moles, hedgehogs, tenrecs, etc.
Order Macroscelidea -- elephant shrews
Order Scandentia -- tree shrews
Order Dermoptera -- colugos
Order Chiroptera --bats
Order Primates --primates
Order Xenarthra -- edentates; sloths, armadillos and anteaters
Order Pholidota -- pangolins
Order Lagomorpha -- rabbits and pikas
Order Rodentia -- rodents
Order Cetacea -- whales, dolphins, and porpoises
Order Carnivora -- carnivores
Order Tubulidentata -- aardvark
Order Proboscidea -- elephants
Order Hyracoidea -- hyraxes
Order Sirenia -- dugongs and manatees
Order Perissodactyla -- horses, rhinos, tapirs
Order Artiodactyla -- antelope, giraffe, camels, pigs, hippos, etc.

64. Protheria- echidna & platypus Metatheria- marsupial
Class Mammalia
Subclasses
Protheria- echidna & platypus
Metatheria- marsupial
Eutheria- true mammals
A Guide to characteristics of Class Mammalia
The Class Mammalia is well represented in Southern Africa. There are 293 species of land mammals and 37 species of marine mammals in the Southern African subregion. That is 330 of the around 5000 mammal species found on Earth!
Class Mammalia -- all mammals share three characteristics not found in other animals: 3 middle ear bones; hair; and the production of milk by modified sweat glands called mammary glands.
Mammals hear sounds after they are transmitted from the outside world to their inner ears by a chain of three bones, the malleus, incus, and stapes. Two of these, the malleus and incus, are derived from bones involved in jaw articulation in most other vertebrates.
Mammals have hair. Adults of some species lose most of their hair, but hair is present at least during some phase of the ontogeny of all species. Mammalian hair, made of a protein called keratin, serves at least four functions. First, it slows the exchange of heat with the environment (insulation). Second, specialized hairs (whiskers or "vibrissae") have a sensory function, letting the owner know when it is in contact with an object in its external environment. These hairs are often richly innervated and well-supplied with muscles that control their position. Third, through their color and pattern, hairs affect the appearance of a mammal. They may serve to camouflage, to announce the presence of especially good defense systems (for example, the conspicuous color pattern of a skunk is a warning to predators), or to communicate social information (for example, threats, such as the erect hair on the back of a wolf; sex, such as the different colors of male and female capuchin monkeys; presence of danger, such as the white underside of the tail of a whitetailed deer). Fourth, hair provides some protection, either simply by providing an additional protective layer (against abrasion or sunburn, for example) or by taking on the form of dangerous spines that deter predators (porcupines, spiny rats, others).
Mammals feed their newborn young with milk, a substance rich in fats and protein that is produced by modified sweat glands called mammary glands. These glands, which take a variety of shapes, are usually located on the ventral surface of females along paths that run from the chest region to the groin. They vary in number from two (one right, one left, as in humans) to a dozen or more.
Other characteristics found in most mammals include highly differentiated teeth; teeth are replaced just once during an individual's life (this condition is called diphyodonty, and the first set is called "milk teeth); a lower jaw made up of a single bone, the dentary; four-chambered hearts, a secondary palate separating air and food passages in the mouth; a muscular diaphragm separating thoracic and abdominal cavities; highly developed brain; endothermy and homeothermy; separate sexes with the sex of an embryo being determined by the presence of a Y or 2 X chromosomes; and internal fertilization.
The Class Mammalia includes around 5000 species placed in 26 orders (systematists do not yet agree on the exact number or on how some orders are related to others). Mammals can be found in all continents and seas. In part because of their high metabolic rates (associated with homeothermy and endothermy), they often play an ecological role that seems disproportionately large compared to their numerical abundance.
Subclass Prototheria - Not represented in southern Africa
Order Monotremata -- Monotremes: platypus and echidnas
Subclass Metatheria (marsupials) - Not represented in southern Africa
Order Didelphimorphia
Order Paucituberculata
Order Microbiotheria
Order Dasyuromorphia
Order Peramelemorphia
Order Notoryctemorphia
Order Diprotodontia
Subclass Eutheria (placentals)
Order Insectivora -- Insectivores: shrews, moles, hedgehogs, tenrecs, etc.
Order Macroscelidea -- elephant shrews
Order Scandentia -- tree shrews
Order Dermoptera -- colugos
Order Chiroptera --bats
Order Primates --primates
Order Xenarthra -- edentates; sloths, armadillos and anteaters
Order Pholidota -- pangolins
Order Lagomorpha -- rabbits and pikas
Order Rodentia -- rodents
Order Cetacea -- whales, dolphins, and porpoises
Order Carnivora -- carnivores
Order Tubulidentata -- aardvark
Order Proboscidea -- elephants
Order Hyracoidea -- hyraxes
Order Sirenia -- dugongs and manatees
Order Perissodactyla -- horses, rhinos, tapirs
Order Artiodactyla -- antelope, giraffe, camels, pigs, hippos, etc.

65. Class - Mammalia ~4500 species in 19 orders
Characteristics
hairy animals with glands that produce milk
maintain constant body temp.
most develop in the uterus where they are nourished by a placenta
limbs are under the body, directed downwards
fully mobile jaw and socket teeth

66. Origins
probably arose from therapsids (200mya) which are mammal-like reptiles

67. survival was probably enhanced by carrying embryos within the body, bearing live young, and the constant food supply (milk)
by the end of the Mesozoic era (65 mya) mammals diverged from the original line to three “groups” (probably sub-classes) -- Monotremes, Marsupials, and Placentals

68. 1. Monotremes Subclass: Protothereia, Order: Monotremata
egg (leathery)-laying mammals
have a sense of electroreception to locate their prey
only five species exist, the duck-billed platypus and four sp. of spiny anteaters (Echidna)
single hole that serves the urinary tract, anus, and reproductive tract
Ornithorhynchidae
(Ornithorhynchus anatinus)

69. 2. Marsupials Subclass – Theria or Metatheria Supercohort-Marsupialia
the pouched animals- 272 species.
short gestation time is due to having a yolk-type placenta in the mother marsupial
young are typically born in a practically embryonic state (2cm).
Ex. Opossum, koala, wallaby, wombat, kangaroo, and Tasmanian Devil....

70. 3. Placentals (subclass Eutheria)
nourished in the uterus through a specialized embryonic organ attached to the uterus wall called the placenta allowing longer gestation times.
4000+ species. whales, bats, elephants, armadillos, dogs, sheep, cattle, and humans....

71. Order – Primates Characteristics and origins
233 living species placed in 13 families
most have long arms, prehensile (grasping) tail and hands with fingernails
stereoscopic vision with eyes in front of head
brain adapted for learning
probably arose about 65 mya
early primates were more like rodents that lived in trees

72. THE PRIMATES
© 2016 Paul Billiet ODWS

73. Primate characteristics
Arborial
Grasping hands
Finger nails & finger pads with ridges
Binocular vision
Diurnal
Colour vision
Large brain
High degree of parental care
Long childhood
© 2016 Paul Billiet ODWS

74. The Prosimians Ring-tailed lemur (Lemur catta)
© 2016 Paul Billiet ODWS

75. The Prosimians Muzzel Immobile upper lip Developed sense of smell
Ears can orientate
Evolved from about 63 Ma
© 2016 Paul Billiet ODWS

76. The Old World Monkeys Rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta)
© 2016 Paul Billiet ODWS

77. The Old World Monkeys Narrow nose Tail (when present) never prehensile
Mostly diurnal
© 2016 Paul Billiet ODWS

78. The New World Monkeys Howler monkey (Alouatta sp.)
© 2016 Paul Billiet ODWS
Howler monkey (Alouatta sp.)

79. The New World Monkeys Split from the old world monkeys about 40 Ma
Flat-nosed
More premolars
Long tails, some prehensile
© 2016 Paul Billiet ODWS

80. The Apes Gorilla gorilla Chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) © JGI
Gibbon (Hylobates lar)
Chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) © JGI
Orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus)
© 2016 Paul Billiet ODWS

81. Application Human classification/taxa
Kingdom:   Animalia      Phylum:   Chordata           Subphylum:   Vertebrata                Class:   Mammalia                     Subclass:   Theria                          Infraclass:   Eutheria                               Order:   Primates                                    Suborder:  Anthropoidea                                         Superfamily:   Hominoide                                             Family:   Hominidae                                                   Genus:   Homo                                                        Species:   sapien
Animalia
Chordata
Mammalia
Primate
Hominidae
Homo
sapiens sapiens

82. Application & Reflection:
(5 mins)
1. What is the Importance of Taxonomy in Science?
2. How do you think organisms were clustered and what ere their bases?
3. How do you apply the lesson on animal kingdom to life?

83. Bring bond papers and coloring pens for the animal kingdom sketching next meeting (1 organism per phylum)