1. CHAPTER 3
SECTIONS 1, 2, and 3

2. Preview Section 1 Animal Reproduction Section 2 Plant Reproduction
Adapting to the Environment
Preview
Section 1 Animal Reproduction
Section 2 Plant Reproduction
Section 3 Animal Behavior
Section 4 Adaptations and Survival
Concept Mapping

3. Section 1 Animal Reproduction
Objectives
Describe the patterns and advantages of asexual reproduction in animals.
Describe the patterns and advantages of sexual reproduction in animals.
Explain how sexual reproduction is related to variation within a species.

4. Section 1 Animal Reproduction
Objectives, continued
Explain the difference between external and internal fertilization.
Identify the three different types of mammalian reproduction.

5. Section 1 Animal Reproduction
Asexual Reproduction
In asexual reproduction, a single parent has offspring genetically identical to the parent.
Budding: part of parent organism pinches off to form offspring
Fragmentation/Regeneration: part of organism breaks off and all parts re-grow into new organisms
fission (cell division)
also runners (strawberries, crab grass), grafting (grapes, roses, fruit trees), spores (mold)

6. binary fission >
< regeneration
budding

7. Advantages of Asexual Reproduction:
allows organisms successful in an environment to reproduce offspring which will also be successful
allows organisms to reproduce rapidly

8. Disadvantages of Asexual Reproduction:
What if the environment suddenly changes?
entire population may be wiped out.

9. Section 1 Animal Reproduction
Sexual Reproduction
genetic information from more than one parent combines  form genetically unique offspring.
Sexual reproduction in animals usually requires two parents—a male and a female.
female parent  eggs
male parent  sperm
Zygote: fertilized egg  grows into unique individual

11. Advantages of Sexual Reproduction:
Combination of genes from parents produces variation in populations.
Variation allows populations to adapt to changes in the environment over time.
Some individuals better adapted for survival.

12. Section 1 Animal Reproduction
External Fertilization occurs when sperm fertilizes eggs outside female’s body (EX: fish, amphibians)
Internal Fertilization occurs when egg and sperm join inside female’s body (EX: reptiles, birds, mammals)

13. Mammals: fur, nourish young with milk
Section 1 Animal Reproduction
Mammals: fur, nourish young with milk
Monotremes: egg-laying.
(EX: spiny anteater, platypus)
Marsupials: give birth to partially developed live young. Most have pouches where young continue to develop after birth.
(EX: kangaroo, opossum, wallaby)
Placentals: young nourished inside mother’s body before birth.
(EX: humans, wolves)

14. Bellringer Brainstorm a list of ways that plants disperse their seeds.
Section 2 Plant Reproduction
Bellringer
Brainstorm a list of ways that plants disperse their
seeds.
Write your answers in your science journal.

15. Section 2 Plant Reproduction
Objectives
Describe the pattern of sexual reproduction in nonvascular plants.
Describe the pattern of sexual reproduction in seedless vascular plants.
Describe the pattern of sexual reproduction in seed plants.
Identify three kinds of asexual reproduction in plants.

16. Reproduction in Nonvascular Plants
Section 2 Plant Reproduction
Reproduction in Nonvascular Plants
Nonvascular plants must be covered by film of water for fertilization to occur.
Eggs and sperm (gametophytes) form in separate structures, often on separate plants.
When water covers clumps of gametophytes, sperm swim to female gametophytes  fertilize eggs.

17. Non-vascular plants
mosses
liverworts

18. Video Clip: Nonvascular Plants

19. Reproduction in Seedless Vascular Plants
Section 2 Plant Reproduction
Reproduction in Seedless Vascular Plants
Similar to nonvascular plants, seedless vascular plants can only reproduce when film of water covers gametophyte.
However, in most species, both eggs and sperm produced on same plant.
Gametophytes usually:
very small
develop on/below soil surface.

20. Seedless vascular plants
horsetails
ferns >
club mosses

21. Video Clip: Seedless vascular plants

22. Reproduction in Seed Plants
Section 2 Plant Reproduction
Reproduction in Seed Plants
Gymnosperms Most have reproductive structures  cones (conifers).
gymnos = naked (Greek)
Wind transfers pollen (sperm) from male cone to eggs in female cone during pollination.

23. gymnosperms

24. Video Clip:
Gymnosperms and Angiosperms

25. Reproduction in Seed Plants, continued
Section 2 Plant Reproduction
Reproduction in Seed Plants, continued
Angiosperms
gametophytes develop within flowers.
Pollination  pollen moves from anthers to stigmas.
Fertilization  sperm fuses with egg inside ovule.

26. angiosperms

27. Reproduction in Seed Plants, angiosperms
Section 2 Plant Reproduction
Reproduction in Seed Plants, angiosperms

28. Reproduction in Seed Plants, angiosperms
Section 2 Plant Reproduction
Reproduction in Seed Plants, angiosperms
After fertilization  ovule develops into seed (contains tiny, undeveloped plant).
As fruit swells/ripens  protects developing seeds.
Fruits often help plant spread seeds.
EX: Bird eats blackberry, flies several miles, poops seeds which then sprout in new area.

29. Reproduction in Seed Plants, continued
Section 2 Plant Reproduction
Reproduction in Seed Plants, continued
When seeds are dropped/ planted in suitable environment  seeds sprout  young plants begin to grow.
To sprout, most seeds need:
water
air
warm temperatures (Each plant species has ideal temperature at which most of its seeds will begin to grow.)

30. Reproduction in Seed Plants

31. Video Clip: life cycle of flowering plant

32. Reproduction in Seed Plants
Section 2 Plant Reproduction
Reproduction in Seed Plants
Other methods of plant reproduction include:
Plantlets Tiny plants grow along edges of plant’s leaves. These plantlets fall off and grow on own.
EX: mother-of-thousands plant
Tubers Underground stems, or tubers, produce new plants after dormant season. EX: potatoes
Runners Above-ground stems from which new plants can grow. EX: strawberries, spider plant

33. Section 3 Animal Behavior
Bellringer
Write a sentence to describe each of the following terms: predator, prey.
List three animals that are predators and three that
are prey. Are humans predators or prey? Explain
your answer.
Write your answers in your science journal.

34. Objectives Explain the difference between learned and innate behavior.
Section 3 Animal Behavior
Objectives
Explain the difference between learned and innate behavior.
Describe five kinds of behaviors that help animals survive.
Identify seasonal behaviors that help animals adapt to the environment.

35. Section 3 Animal Behavior
Kinds of Behavior
Innate
Learned

36. Innate Behavior behavior that doesn’t depend on learning or experience
inherited through genes (instincts)
EX:
Bees fly
Male bowerbird collects colourful objects for nesting to attract mate
Newborn whales swim
Humans walk (not at birth)

37. Learned Behavior
behavior learned from experience or from observing other animals
can be modified
can use learning to change a behavior
EX:
Human language, wearing clothes
Gorilla (Koko) used sign language
Pets at feeding time

38. Survival Behaviors Finding Food Predators Prey Marking Territory
Section 3 Animal Behavior
Survival Behaviors
Finding Food
Predators
Prey
Marking Territory
claim territories to save energy by avoiding competition.
Territory: area occupied by one animal or group of animals that do not allow other members of same species to enter.

39. Survival Behaviors, continued
Section 3 Animal Behavior
Survival Behaviors, continued
Defensive Action: allows animals to protect resources (food, mates, offspring) from others.
Courtship
Behaviors which attract mates
must find mates to reproduce (essential for survival of an individual’s genes).
Parenting
young animals often depend on parents for survival
Protection, food supply, learn adult “skills” such as hunting

40. courtship

41. Seasonal Behaviors Migration
Section 3 Animal Behavior
Seasonal Behaviors
Migration
avoid cold weather by traveling to warmer places.
migrate to find food, water, or safe nesting grounds.
Hibernation
period of inactivity/decreased body temperature some animals experience in winter.
Estivation
internal slowdown in hottest part of summer/day

42. estivation

43. Seasonal Behavior, continued
Section 3 Animal Behavior
Seasonal Behavior, continued
Biological Clock
internal control of an animal’s natural cycles
use clues such as length of day and temperature.
Circadian Rhythms
Some biological clocks control long cycles. Seasonal cycles nearly universal for animals.
Hibernation
Reproduce to take advantage of climate helpful for young’s survival
Migration patterns

44. Section 4 Adaptation and Survival

45. Section 4 Adaptation and Survival
Objectives
Identify three kinds of adaptations that help organisms survive.
Describe the four parts of natural selection.
Explain how variation occurs within a population.
Explain why genetic variation within a population is important.
Explain how resistance to insecticide is a survival characteristic.

46. Adaptation: a characteristic (behavioural or structural) that improves an individual’s ability to survive and reproduce in a particular environment.

47. Structural Adaptations
Inherited traits of body structure or physical appearance.
Polar bear survives frigid Arctic  blubber layer
Reptiles survive desert heat  scales keep water from escaping through skin
Food finding: next slide

48. Adaptations for Obtaining Food
Section 4 Adaptation and Survival
Adaptations for Obtaining Food
Woodpecker: beak to drill thru bark
Chameleon: long tongue to capture insects
Humans: shape and function of fingers/hands

49. Predator-Prey Adaptations
Section 4 Adaptation and Survival
Predator-Prey Adaptations
Camouflage: defense adaptation - disguise used by organism so it is hard to see even when organism is in view by predator.

50. Adaptations to Interactions
Section 4 Adaptation and Survival
Adaptations to Interactions
2 species can also acquire adaptations because of interaction w/ one another.
Adaptations because of interactions can take place between any organisms that live close together.
Hawaiian honeycreeper and lobelia

51. Inherited traits diagram on board (pg 60 TCAP coach book)

52. Inherited characteristics in populations can change over time.
Section 4 Adaptation and Survival
Natural Selection
Inherited characteristics in populations can change over time.
Natural selection: process by which individuals that are better adapted to their environment survive and reproduce more successfully than less well-adapted individuals.

53. Natural Selection, continued
Section 4 Adaptation and Survival
Natural Selection, continued
The theory of natural selection explains how a population changes in response to its environment.
If natural selection is always taking place, a population will tend to be well adapted to its environment.
Individuals that are likely to survive and reproduce are those best adapted at the time.

54. Section 4 Adaptation and Survival
Natural Selection

55. Natural Selection: 4 Steps Overproduction
More offspring are born than can survive to adulthood.

56. Natural Selection: 4 Steps
Genetic variation within a population
Individuals in population have different characteristics due to genetic differences. Some differences increase survival chances, some lower chances.

57. Natural Selection: 4 Steps Struggle for survival
Only some individuals survive to reproduce: insufficient food/water, predation, inability to find mate

58. Natural Selection: 4 Steps
Successful reproduction
Individuals better adapted for survival live to reproduce. Those less adapted either die or have few offspring.

60. Changes in Genetic Variation
Section 4 Adaptation and Survival
Changes in Genetic Variation
In order for natural selection to continue, individuals w/ in population must be different.
Over time, the population will be made up of more individuals w/ characteristics that help them survive.

61. Section 4 Adaptation and Survival
If a population decreases rapidly, a genetic bottleneck occurs. Many characteristics may be lost entirely from a population because all individuals with those characteristics died.

62. Insecticide Resistance
Section 4 Adaptation and Survival
Insecticide Resistance
Insecticide resistance  result of natural selection.
Some individual insects w/ in population are resistant to certain insecticides. Resistance is an adaptation.
These insects survive and reproduce  pass insecticide-resistance genes to offspring.
MRSA and other antibiotic-resistant bacteria  result of natural selection

64. Adapting to the Environment
Concept Mapping
Use the terms below to complete the concept map on the next slide.
asexual reproduction budding
external fertilization fragmentation
reproduction internal fertilization
sexual reproduction

65. Adapting to the Environment

66. Adapting to the Environment