1. Blood Type of connective tissue
The only fluid tissue in the human body
38 degrees celsius or degrees farenheit
Slightly alkaline, pH
About 5x’s thicker than water
5.3 Q average adult
More blood in males than females
Account for approximately 8% of body weight

2. Functions: Transport, Regulation and Protection
The transport functions include:
carrying oxygen and nutrients to the cells.
transporting carbon dioxide to the lungs (for removal)
transporting nitrogenous wastes to the kidneys (for removal)
carrying hormones from the endocrine glands to the target tissues.
The regulation functions include:
removing heat from active areas, such as skeletal muscles, and transporting it to other regions or to the skin where it can be dissipated (maintaining body temp)
pH regulation through the action of buffers in the blood.
The protection functions include:
preventing fluid loss by forming clots
protect the body against microorganisms that cause disease

3. 2 Parts of Whole Blood Cells (formed elements) living component
45% of total blood
3 main types
Formed in bone marrow, spleen*, thymus gland*, and lymph nodes*
* Only some white blood cells

4. 2 Parts of Whole Blood 2. Plasma (matrix) non-living component
55% of total blood
mainly water (90%)
over 100 dissolved substances
ex. Nutrients (glucose, fatty acids, amino acids, vitamins), salts (electrolytes), gases (O2 and CO2), hormones, waste (urea and uric acid), Plasma proteins (albumin, fibrinogen, globulins)
Plasma proteins
Most abundant solutes in plasma
Most are made by the liver
Ex. Albumin—regulates osmotic pressure and thickens blood
Clotting proteins—help when a blood vessel is injured

5. Separating Blood Components
Layers are based on density
Top layer: plasma
Thin white middle layer: Buffy coat: contains white blood cells and platelets
Bottom layer: red blood cells sink to the bottom
Hematocrit: Ratio of red cells to total volume  
Red Blood Cells

6. 3 Main Formed Elements Erythrocytes Red blood cells (RBCs) Leukocytes
White blood cells (WBCs)
Thrombocytes
Platelets, cell fragments

7. All formed elements stem from a specific type of cell
Lost cells are replaced by division of hemocytoblasts (blood stem cells) in the red bone marrow

8. 1. Erythrocytes Commonly known as red blood cells or RBCs
Main function is to carry oxygen
Anatomy of circulating erythrocytes
Biconcave disks
Essentially bags of hemoglobin
Anucleate (no nucleus)
Contain very few organelles
*4-6 million RBCs per cubic millimeter of blood

9. Formation of Erythrocytes
Unable to divide, grow, or synthesize proteins
Wear out in 100 to 120 days
RBCs are eliminated by phagocytes in the spleen or liver

10. Hemoglobin Iron-containing protein
Binds strongly, but reversibly, to oxygen
Each hemoglobin molecule has four oxygen binding sites
Each erythrocyte has 250 million hemoglobin molecules
Hemoglobin is recycled in the body
*Normal blood contains 12–18 g of hemoglobin per 100 mL blood

11. 2. Leukocytes commonly known as white blood cells or WBCs
Crucial in the body’s defense against disease
These are complete cells, with a nucleus and organelles
Able to move into and out of blood vessels
Respond to chemicals released by damaged tissues
Many types of WBC’s some are macrophages and some produce antibodies or histamine
*4,000 to 11,000 WBC per cubic millimeter of blood

12. Formed Elements Types of leukocytes Granulocytes
Granules in their cytoplasm can be stained
Possess lobed nuclei
Include neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils
Phil eats Grain
Agranulocytes
Lack visible cytoplasmic granules
Nuclei are spherical, oval, or kidney-shaped
Include lymphocytes and monocytes
No Grains in sight (cyte)

13. Formed Elements List of the WBCs from most to least abundant
Neutrophils
Lymphocytes
Monocytes
Eosinophils
Basophils
Types will vary depending on a persons health at the time
Easy way to remember this list
Never
Let
Monkeys
Eat
Bananas

14. Types of granulocytes Neutrophils
Multilobed nucleus with fine granules
Act as phagocytes at active sites of infection
Eosinophils
Large brick-red cytoplasmic granules
Found in response to allergies and/or parasitic worms

15. Basophils
Have histamine-containing granules
Initiate inflammation

16. Types of agranulocytes
Lymphocytes
Nucleus fills most of the cell
B-lymphocytes produce antibodies —collect and clump bacteria together, easier for phagocytes to “eat” them
T-lymphocytes directly attack cells that do not belong (cell tag receptor incorrect)
Monocytes
Largest of the white blood cells
Function as macrophages
Important in fighting chronic infection

17. 3. Thrombocytes Commonly known as platelets
Derived from ruptured multinucleate cells (megakaryocytes)
Primary function is the clotting process
Normal platelet count = 300,000/mm3