1. Ekofizyoloji
Ecophysiology

2. Donald M. Broom
Centre for Animal Welfare and Anthrozoology
Department of Veterinary Medicine
University of Cambridge, U.K.
Eco-Physiologogy
Willmer, Stone & Johnston Environmental Physiology of Animals 2nd edition, Blackwell Science. ISBN

3. Ecophysiology
Ecophysiology is the study of how the environment, both physical and biological, interacts with the physiology of an organism.
It includes the effects of climate and nutrients on physiological processes in both plants and animals, and has a particular focus on how physiological processes scale with organism size.

4. Study of physiological responses to the environment
Interface between ecology and physiology:
Ecology provides the questions
Physiology provides the ‘tools’

5. Why does a particular species live where it does?
How does it manage to grow and reproduce successfully and why is it absent from other environments?

6. What is the environment?
Physical
Environment
(light intensity,
temperature, gravity, etc.)
Chemical Environment (H2O, CO2, O2, N2, minerals, toxins, etc.)
Living
things
Biotic Environment (soil organisms, competition for space and other resources, herbivory, allelopathy, etc.)

7. Eco-Physiologogy
Study of interactions between organisms and their physical environment. Emphasizes individuals, not groups like populations or communities. The intersection between ecology and physiology (study of how organisms function). Also mostly equivalent to "ecophysiology."

8. Adaptation of organisms to specific environments
Eco-Physiologogy
Two themes:
Homeostasis – maintenance of constant internal conditions in varying environments
Adaptation of organisms to specific environments
Animals have many needs and these can be investigated.

9. Energy Three big problems Obtaining energy and nutrients
Maintaining temperature
Obtaining and holding onto water
Energy
All organisms require energy to live and reproduce
Heterotrophs – acquire energy from organic material, live or dead
most animals feed on living organisms
decomposers (fungi, some animals) feed on dead organisms

10. Energy All organisms require energy to live and reproduce
Heterotrophs – acquire energy from organic material, live or dead
most animals feed on living organisms
decomposers (fungi, some animals) feed on dead organisms

11. Chemosynthetic autotrophs:
Autotrophs – acquire energy from sunlight or chemicals in the environment.
Chemosynthetic autotrophs:
obtain energy from inorganic chemicals like methane or hydrogen sulfide.
sea-vent bacteria.
Photosynthetic autotrophs:
combine energy from sunlight and CO2 to make sugars
many bacteria, some protists (algagae), and nearly all plants.

12. Organisms presences
All living things.
Studied at many levels.

13. Environment Abiotic Factors: non-living factors.
Ex: Temperature, Light, Water Nutrients
Biotic Factors: effect of other organisms.
Ex: Competition, Predation

14. Abiotic Factors 1. Temperature 2. Water 3. Sunlight 4. Wind
5. Rocks and Soil
6. Disturbance

15. Temperature Effects biological processes. Ex:
Cold – cells will rupture if they expand while freezing.
Hot – many proteins denature above 45 oC.
Point – life can only exist over a fairly narrow temperature range.

16. Sunlight
Provides energy for Photo-synthesis, which drives most food webs.
Plants often compete for light because of shading or absorption of light by deep columns of water.

17. Wind Effects temperature and water conditions for many organisms.
May carry abrasive particles that limit plant growth by killing the SAM areas.

18. Rocks and Soil
Physical structure, pH, mineral composition of rocks and soil limit where plants can grow.
Ex. Se soils.
Plants limit what animals can be found in an area.

19. Disturbance Disturbance is often an important part of an environment.
Allows organisms to re-colonize an area.
Ex: Fire Humans Wind

20. Climate
Shapes environments and what organisms can live in a particular area.
Climate is the average weather in a place over many years. While the weather can change in just a few hours, climate takes hundreds, thousands, even millions of years to change(But NOW???)

21. Climatic Factors Solar Radiation and Latitude Axis Tilt/Seasons
Changes the amount of light and energy delivered per surface area
Axis Tilt/Seasons
Air/Water Circulation Patterns

24. Global Air Patterns Air rises when heated, sinks when cools.
Zones of rising/sinking are created.
Earth's rotation causes zones to "twist”.

26. Result Air circulation patterns. Rainfall patterns.
rising air: wet areas
descending air: dry areas

27. Biomes
Broad geographical regions with characteristic communities of organisms.

29. Biomes Controlled by:
Temperature
Water
Geography

31. Tropical Forests Areas covered with dense growth of trees and vines.
Climate:
Warm temperatures.
Constant day length.
High water.

32. Tropical Forests

33. Tropical Forests
Have the greatest diversity of species of any area on Earth.
Soil is usually very infertile. Most of the nutrients are in the plant life.
One of the most endangered Biomes.

34. Savanna Grasslands with a few trees.
Climate with three growing seasons:
Cool and dry
Hot and dry
Warm and wet

36. Savanna Rich in herbivores and predator species.
Only major biome not found on North America.

37. Desert Characterized by plants adapted to dry growing conditions.
Climate:
Dry (<30cm/yr).
May be cold or hot.
Often found in areas of descending air masses.
Low productivity, but still fairly diverse in species.

39. Chaparral Characterized by spiny evergreen shrubs. Climate:
Mild rainy winters
Hot summers
Ex: Southern California

41. Chaparral Maintained by fires.
Plants adapted to periodic fires by seeds or re-growing from the roots.

42. Temperate Grasslands
Grasses and other herbs are the dominant vegetation.
Climate:
Intermediate water
Relatively cold winters

44. Grasslands Very productive for agriculture. (wheat, corn)
Need disturbance (fires) to keep trees out.
Come in several types:
Tall grass
Short grass

45. Temperate Forests Deciduous trees dominate. Climate:
Relatively high rain
Cold winters
Very little natural area left.
Good diversity of species.

47. Taiga Coniferous trees dominate. Climate: Long cold winters
Short wet summers
Long summer daylength

49. Taiga or Boreal Forest Relatively low species diversity.
Being logged at an alarming rate.

50. Tundra Grasses and sedges dominate. Climate: Very cold and dry
Low light in winter

51. Tundra Permafrost present. Plants low in height.
Poor species diversity.

52. Altitude and Latitude
Mirror each other Their Biomes are similar because the environments are similar.
Ex: Alpine = Tundra

53. Aquatic Biomes

54. Fresh water Biomes Have <1% salt concentration.
Strongly influenced by temperature and light.
Classification – based on water flow patterns.

55. Marine Biomes Cover 3/4 of the Earth's surface. Average 3% salt.
Controlled by light and the distance to the shore.

57. Light Zones
Photic - Enough light for Photo-synthesis. Red light lost rapidly as depth increases.
Aphotic - Lacks enough light for Photosynthesis and depends on food made in photic zone for energy. Part of the most extensive biome on the planet.

58. Marine Biomes 1. Estuaries 2. Intertidal 3. Coral Reefs 4. Pelagic
5. Benthos

59. Estuaries Where a freshwater river meets the ocean. Salinity variable.
Very productive Biome.

60. Coral Reef Characterized by coral. Found in shallow warm waters.
Very productive.
High species diversity.

61. Benthos
Bottom area.
Usually fed by nutrients drifting down from upper levels.
Fairly rich in life.

62. Ecology factors Know what is involved with the study of “Ecology”.
Know the major factors of planet Earth that shape climate.
Know the major terrestrial biomes and the factors that control them.