1. Fundamentals of IT Lecture 1: Introduction, history of Computers
Westminster International University in Tashkent
Lecture 1: Introduction, history of Computers

2. Agenda Module History of the computers Timeline Computer generations
Overview
Learning Outcomes
Roadmap for the semester
History of the computers
Timeline
Computer generations

3. Module overview Module leader and tutor: Office hours: Assessment
Olga Yugay (MEng in Computer Science)
Office hours:
Monday, 3 – 4 pm
Friday, 11 am – 12 pm
Room: ATB216
Assessment
Coursework 40%, Final exam 60%

4. After completing this course, a student is expected
to have strong understanding of information technology concepts and be able to explain its various components
to be able to easily differentiate between computer hardware and software
to understand the numerical processes run within computer system
to apply acquired knowledge in future workplaces as advanced IT users

5. Why care about abstraction…?

6. Abstraction is
…way to think about the something which removes or hides complex details
…a technique for managing complexity of computer systems.
Abstraction
Reality

7. Another abstraction…

8. Roadmap of the module

9. Layers of Computing Systems
Communications
Applications
Operating Systems
Programming
Hardware
Information

10. Layers of Computing Systems
Information
numbers
audio
text
Images
video

11. Layers of Computing Systems
Hardware
Gates
Circuits
Information

12. Layers of Computing Systems
Programming
Algorithms
Assembly Languages
Data types
OOD and High level languages
Hardware
Information

13. Layers of Computing Systems
Memory Management
CPU Scheduling
Process Management
Operating systems
Programming
File Systems and
Directories
Hardware
Information

14. Layers of Computing Systems
Afa
Natural Language
Processing
Applications
Games
Knowledge
Management
Operating Systems
DBMS
Programming AI
Hardware
Information

15. Layers of Computing Systems
Applications
Operating Systems
Programming
Hardware
Information
Communications
Protocols
Networking
www
Network
Addresses

16. History of Computing

17. Your ideas When do you think history of computing began?
What was the first computing device?

18. Early History Of Computing
Abacus(16th century BC)
An early device to record numeric values

19. Blaise Pascal(In the middle of 17th century)
Mechanical device to add, subtract, divide & multiply
Joseph Jacquard(late 18th century)
Jacquard’s Loom, the punched card
Charles Babbage(19th century)
Analytical Engine

20. Nowadays Super Computers

21. Nowadays Super Computers
Tianhe-2
Sequoia

22. TOP 5 Super computer list
RANK
SITE
SYSTEM
CORES
RMAX (TFLOP/S)
RPEAK (TFLOP/S)
POWER (KW) 1
National Super Computer Center in Guangzhou China
Tianhe-2 (MilkyWay-2) - TH-IVB-FEP Cluster, Intel Xeon E C 2.200GHz, TH Express-2, Intel Xeon Phi 31S1P NUDT
3,120,000
33,862.7
54,902.4
17,808 2
DOE/SC/Oak Ridge National Laboratory United States
Titan - Cray XK7 , Opteron C 2.200GHz, Cray Gemini interconnect, NVIDIA K20x Cray Inc.
560,640
17,590.0
27,112.5
8,209 3
DOE/NNSA/LLNL United States
Sequoia - BlueGene/Q, Power BQC 16C 1.60 GHz, Custom IBM
1,572,864
17,173.2
20,132.7
7,890 4
RIKEN Advanced Institute for Computational Science (AICS) Japan
K computer, SPARC64 VIIIfx 2.0GHz, Tofu interconnect Fujitsu
705,024
10,510.0
11,280.4
12,660 5
DOE/SC/Argonne National Laboratory United States
Mira - BlueGene/Q, Power BQC 16C 1.60GHz, Custom IBM
786,432
8,586.6
10,066.3
3,945

23. Brainteaser
Video: Quantum computers

24. 4 generations of computers

26. First generation computers (1951 – 1959)
Vacuum tubes stored information
Generated a lot of heat
Primary memory device – magnetic drum that rotated under read/write head
Slow Input/Output
Input device –card reader that read the holes punched in an IBM card
Output – punched card or a line printer

27. First generation computers (1951 – 1959)

29. Second generation computers (1959-1965)
Transistor replaced vacuum tubes
Smaller more reliable
Memory made from magnetic cores, tiny dougnut-shaped devices, each capable of storing one bit of information ->Immediate access memory
Magnetic disk
Transistors and other components - were assembled by hand on printed on printed circuit board

32. Third Generation ( )
Integrated Circuits (IC) - solid pieces of silicon contained the transistors, other components, and their connections.
Smaller, cheaper, faster, and more reliable
Memory – use of transistor, each transistor one bit of information, volatile memory – the information went away when the power was turned off
Input, output device – the terminal with keyboard and screen first appeared
Early 1970s – several thousand transistor s on a silicon chip

35. Fourth generation (1971-?) Large scale integration
Micro-computer on a chip
PC (Personal Comptuter) entered the vocabulary
Apple
Tandy/Radio Shack
Atari
Commodore
Sun
IBM
Remington Rand
NCR
DEC
Hewlett-Packard
Control Data
Burroughs

36. Fourth generation (1971-?) IBM PC 1981 1984 – Macintosh
Mid 1980s – workstations (larger, ore powerful than PC)
The workstations were networked
RISC – reduced instruction set computer architecture

37. Applications packages
The layers of software
Applications packages
Systems Software
High level languages
Assembly languages
Machine language

38. Recommended reading Dale, Computer Science Illuminated
C.S. French, Computer Science
J. Brookshear, Computer Science –
An Overview