1. Syntax 2

2. Now let’s change the NP rule again
Such that we have
S  NP VP
VP  V NP
NP  (DET) (ADJ) N
Now you can diagram this sentence
The unhappy book ate the green lambada
(The sentence is syntactically well-formed, by the way)

3. Figure out the two meanings
The girl hit the boy with a stick
爸爸給小明買鹹蛋超人
This is called syntactic ambiguity

4. Deep and surface structure
Translate:
“On the surface, George seems outgoing, but deep down he is sensitive and shy”
Surface structure
The words used in a sentence
Deep structure
The real meaning of the sentence

5. Deep and surface structure 2
1. The girl hit the boy with a stick
One surface structure
How many deep structures?
2. The boy was hit by the girl
Can you give another sentence with the same meaning as 2?
3. The girl hit the boy
2 and 3 have
The same deep structure
Different surface structures

6. Draw trees for 1-4. I will grade.
Roy laughed.
Wayne hit Johnny.
The students sang a nice song.
I saw the man with the telescope
Give two Chinese translations
Try to draw two trees
S  NP VP
VP  V (NP)
NP  (DET) (ADJ) N
New rules, for #4 only:
VP  VP PP
PP  P NP
NP  NP PP

7. I saw the man with the telescope

8. Complements A complement  an object (of a verb)
Like fish here:
There is another kind of complement
Sentential complement:
New rule:
VP  V S

9. Complementizers (that, if etc.)
Simple enough:
Complementizer that is optional:

10. Other complementizers may not be optional
Like if
More rules:
CP  COMP S
VP  V CP
*We wonder Tracy ate her fish.
Does Chinese have a complementizer which means that? Give examples of its use, and draw trees.

11. S  NP aux VP
Draw phrase structure trees for the following utterances.
John drinks.
John drinks beer with a straw (吸管)
Jane believes John drinks beer.
John must drink beer.
Jane wonders whether John must drink beer.

12. 爸爸給小明買鹹蛋超人