1. Chemistry of Colour
Chemical Ideas 6.9

2. Recapping from earlier
Coloured substances absorb radiation in the visible region of the EM spectrum.
Absorb energy - outermost electrons promoted to excited state.
Same electrons involved in bonding or lone pairs.
Innermost electrons more tightly held by attraction to the nucleus - more energy needed for excitation.

3. Pulling theory together
Some transitions needing less energy are brought about by visible light
Excitation energy is greater when UV light is absorbed.
Compounds absorbing UV radiation appear colourless.

4. Coloured inorganic compounds
Often contain transition metals.
Ligands cause 5 d orbitals to split into two levels
Energy needed to excite to a higher level depends on the oxidation state of the metal and the type of ligand.
Redox reactions often accompanied by colour changes.
E.g. V(+5)  V(+4)  V (+3)  V (+2)
Yellow Blue Green Violet

5. For most d-block transition metals, the size of ΔE is such that the light absorbed falls in the visible part of the spectrum.
The colour we see is white light minus the frequencies of absorbed light.

6. Coloured inorganic compounds
Changing a ligand in a complex can change the colour - different ligands have different splitting powers.
[Ni(H2O)6]2+(aq) + 6NH3(aq) [Ni(NH3)6]2+(aq) + 6H2O
light green lilac/blue
Electrons can move from the ground state in one atom to the excited state in another adjacent atom - electron transfer. Often bright colours, examples include Chrome yellow and Prussian blue.

7. Coloured organic compounds
Often contain unsaturated groups, -C=O, -C=C, -N=N-
Usually part of extended delocalised electron system called the chromophore.
Electrons in double bonds more spread out - require less energy to excite than those in single bonds particularly in conjugated system.
Absorption of radiation in visible region.

8. Groups, energy and colour
-OH, -NH2 , or NR2 attached to chromophores to enhance or modify the colours.
Lone pair electrons become involved in the delocalised system.
Small changes change the energy of light absorbed and therefore the colour.
Dyes often different colours in acids and alkalis - useful indicators.
Methyl orange bond to H+ at pH 3.5 and below - red, above pH3.5 there is no H+ bonded and the dye is yellow.

9. Practise Time
Now complete CI 6.9 Problems 1 and 2 to check your understanding