1. Ions and Bonding Notes

2. Formation of a Cation – Loses Electrons

3. Formation of an Anion – Gains Electrons

4. Find the element symbol that corresponds to it and write it beside it.
Copy the elements written in red on the right side of the board on page 31 of your notebook.
Find the element symbol that corresponds to it and write it beside it.
Test on these element names and symbols next Tuesday.

5. Ions are atoms that have a charge
Ions are atoms that have a charge. They may be positively or negatively charged. These atoms either lose or gain electrons.
Ions that have a positive charge are called cations. They form when an atom loses electrons. Number of Electrons < Number of Protons
Ions that have a negative charge are called anions. They form when an atom gains electrons. Number of Electrons > Number of Protons
Ions with opposite charges attract therefore cations and anions attract each other to form an IONIC BOND.
Page 33

6. P P -3 Cl Cl -1 Mg Mg +2 Ca Ca +2 K K +1 Sc Sc +3
On page 32 , determine the number of protons, electrons and neutrons for the following.
Remember: Only the electrons change. The protons and neutrons stay the same. P
P -3
Protons
Electrons
Neutrons Cl
Cl -1
Protons
Electrons
Neutrons Mg
Mg +2
Protons
Electrons
Neutrons Ca
Ca +2
Protons
Electrons
Neutrons K
K +1
Protons
Electrons
Neutrons Sc
Sc +3
Protons
Electrons
Neutrons

7. P P -3 Cl Cl -1 Mg Mg +2 Ca Ca +2 K K +1 Sc Sc +3
On page 32 , determine the number of protons, electrons and neutrons for the following.
Remember: Only the electrons change. The protons and neutrons stay the same. P
P -3
Protons 15
Electrons 18
Neutrons 16 Cl
Cl -1
Protons 17
Electrons 18
Neutrons Mg
Mg +2
Protons 12
Electrons 10
Neutrons Ca
Ca +2
Protons 20
Electrons 18
Neutrons K
K +1
Protons 19
Electrons 18
Neutrons 20 Sc
Sc +3
Protons 21
Electrons 18
Neutrons 24

8. They are called Polar bonds when the electrons are shared unevenly.
The combining of elements is called bonding which produce compounds. The process of reorganizing atoms into different bonded clusters (molecules) is what happens in a chemical reaction.
Ionic Bonds
Ionic bonds are the force of attraction between oppositely charged ions
Ionic bonds form during chemical changes when atoms pull electrons away from other atoms.
Ionic bonds form when a metal loses an electron to a nonmetal.
Ex: NaCl & MgO
Covalent Bonds
Covalent bonds form when two non-metals share electrons equally or unequally.
Ex: HCl & H2O
Page 35
Equally
UnEqually H2
They are called Non-Polar bonds when atoms of the same element share electrons equally.
HCl & H2O
They are called Polar bonds when the electrons are shared unevenly.

9. HCl NO3 O2 H2O2 HF KCl OH NH3 H2 Ionic Covalent
Page 34
Using the periodic table, classify each of the following compounds as an ionic or covalent bond.
Ionic
Covalent
HCl
NO3 O2
H2O2 HF
KCl OH
NH3 H2

10. HCl C NO3 O2 H2O2 HF KCl I OH NH3 H2 Ionic Covalent
Page 34
Using the periodic table, classify each of the following compounds as an ionic or covalent bond.
Ionic
Covalent
HCl C
NO3 O2
H2O2 HF
KCl I OH
NH3 H2

11. Each element has a unique # of protons which is the atomic number
Each element has a unique # of protons which is the atomic number. Every single atom of that element must have the same number of protons.
Atoms of one element must have the same # of protons, but can have a different # of neutrons.
Isotopes are atoms with the same # of protons and a different number of neutrons. This gives an isotope a different atomic mass.
For example Hydrogen sometimes has an atomic number of 1, 2 or 3. This is because the number of neutrons may vary.
When referring to an isotope, you state the element name followed by its atomic mass.
For example:
Hydrogen-1 or Hydrogen-2 or Hydrogen-3

12. H H H 1 1.001 1 2.001 1 3.004 Hydrogen Hydrogen Hydrogen
protons = protons = protons = 1
electrons = electrons = electrons = 1
neutrons = neutrons = neutrons = 2
Note: Mass numbers are decimals because some isotopes are more common than others. The one listed in the periodic table is the most common isotope. 1 H
Hydrogen
1.001 1 H
Hydrogen
2.001 1 H
Hydrogen
3.004

13. On page 36, determine the number of protons, electrons and neutrons for the following isotopes.
Carbon 12
Carbon 13
Carbon 14
Protons
Electrons
Neutrons
Chlorine 35
Chlorine 37
Protons
Electrons
Neutrons
Iron 54
Iron 56
Iron 57
Iron 58
Protons
Electrons
Neutrons

14. On page 36, determine the number of protons, electrons and neutrons for the following isotopes.
Carbon -12
Carbon-13
Carbon-14
Protons 6
Electrons
Neutrons 7 8
Chlorine 35
Chlorine 37
Protons 17
Electrons
Neutrons 18 20
Iron-54
Iron-56
Iron-57
Iron-58
Protons 26
Electrons
Neutrons 28 30 31 32